550       ON  THE  MANUFACTURES  OF  GItASSE    AND  CANNES. 
Bigaradier  :  the  distilled  water  mixed  with  that  of  the  flowers,  is 
sold  as  an  inferior  quality  of  Orange  Flower  Water. 
Roses  are  cultivated  close  to  the  town  of  Grasse,  as  well  as  in 
all  the  country  adjacent,  often  on  a  very  small  scale  and  in 
situations  apparently  very  arid.  In  the  month  of  May  the 
flowers  are  collected  daily,  and  brought  by  the  growers  to  the 
manufactories  for  sale. 
The  Rose  Water  of  Provence  is  of  a  very  superior  quality  : 
essential  oil  or  Otto  of  Rose  is  separated  from  it  after  distilla- 
tion. This  otto  differs  from  the  Turkish,  even  from  the  purest 
specimens,  in  remaining  congealed  at  a  much  higher  tempera- 
ture. In  the  market  it  commands  a  far  higher  price  than  the 
Turkish  Otto,  being  worth  from  1800  to  2000  francs  the  kilo- 
gramme. Equal  to  (say)  41s.  to  45s.  per  oz.  It  is  but  little 
in  demand,  and  the  supply  is  comparatively  small. 
The  Jessamine,  which  is  cultivated  upon  an  extensive  scale,  is 
Jasminum  grandiflorum  L.,  a  species  with  large  white,  exceed- 
ingly fragrant  flowers.  The  plants  are  all  grafted  upon  stocks 
of  Jasminum  officinale  L.  :  they  are  planted  close  together  in 
rows,  and  are  not  allowed  to  attain  a  height  of  more  than  about 
two  feet.  They  are  kept  of  this  low  stature  in  order  to  facilitate 
their  protection  from  cold,  which  is  effected  by  heaping  the  earth 
completely  over  their  stems  at  the  commencement  of  winter. 
Jessamine  flowers  are  in  season  in  July  and  August :  they  are 
chiefly  employed  to  communicate  their  odor  to  oils  and  pomades. 
Jessamine  water  was  shown  to  me  by  one  manufacturer. 
The  Cassie,  Acacia  Farnesiana  Willd.,  is  cultivated  chiefly 
about  Cannes,  where  it  is  to  be  seen  forming  a  bush  or  small 
tree.  Its  flowers,  which  are  very  fragrant,  are  used  in  perfum- 
ing oil  and  pomade  :  they  are  produced  in  September,  and  are 
worth  five  to  six  francs  the  kilogramme. 
The  Geranium  is  cultivated  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  its 
essential  oil.  The  Tuberose  is  grown  at  Cannes, as  well  as  at 
Grasse,  its  deliciously  fragrant  flowers  being  used,  like  those  of 
the  Oassie,  for  scenting  oil  and  pomade. 
The  establishments  where  the  distillation  of  essences  and  waters 
and  the  manufacture  of  other  articles  of  perfumery  are  carried 
on,  are  many  of  them  of  considerable  extent,  and  kept  up  in  a 
style  of  great  completeness.    The  stills  are  of  copper,  and  heated 
