ORGANIZATION OP PHARMACY IN NORWAY. 205 
of chemistry, of pharmacy, and natural history. On this 
plan also, there is taken from the apothecary a right, which 
ought to belong to him, since it is under his jurisdiction that 
the assistant obtains a situation. After having performed the 
offices of a shop for instruction, the pupil proceeds to Chris- 
tiana to follow a special course, and finally to appear before a 
board, who subject him to every method of examination. 
The written trial consists in the description of one or more 
preparations and the phenomena which accompany them. If 
the trial is not satisfactory to the examiners, the candidate is 
sent back for a longer or shorter time. The verbal examina- 
tion has for its objects, botany, zoology, mineralogy, chemis- 
try, pharmacy, the laws which govern it, the mode of prepa- 
ration and purchase of substances. It is requisite in addition 
that the pupil should recognise and name the simple drugs, 
which are presented to him ; the practical trial consists of the 
preparation of a medicine and the chemical analysis of a body. 
In the certificate, which is delivered to the candidate, it is 
specified whether his examination has been good or indifferent. 
This certificate confers the right of practising pharmacy in the 
whole of Norway and of buying a shop. 
The first obstacle which the re-organization of pharmacy 
met with in France, arose in a great measure from this, that 
as all the professions were free, the number of shops could 
not be limited. It has been asserted, that to wish to do this 
would be to bring back the establishment of those rich and 
powerful corporations which have existed even to the last 
century, and of which the creation is repugnant to our con- 
stitutional principles. We must confess that this is an objec- 
tion which is not easily removed. 
Without hesitation, we cannot but admire with M. Martins, 
the instruction and noble simplicity of the apothecaries of 
Norway, who not having to fear failure, devote themselves 
entirely to the exercise of a profession, which they so well 
know how to ennoble. But we must also remark that their 
position has no analogy with that of the French pharma- 
ciens. These obliged, like other professions, to struggle with 
