MEDICINE AND PHARMACY IN RUSSIA. 343 
Guarana renders chocolate more tonic and strengthening, 
without sensibly altering its taste. The roots of this Paul- 
linia are equally reported to be febrifuge. 
Jo urn. de Pharmacie. 
ART. LXVI1.— ORGANIZATION OF MEDICINE AND PHAR- 
MACY IN RUSSIA. 
A ukase, confirmed by the Emperor, December 28th, 1838, 
and promulgated by direction of the Senate, January 25, 1839, 
regulates in Russia everything in which the medical profes- 
sion is interested. This regulation having been translated, 
and published in Germany by M. Ed. Siller, in the Repertory 
of Pharmacy of Buchner, we have been led to suppose that it 
would be well received, if the principal features of it were 
made known, particularly those portions which relate to phar- 
macy. 
Let us in the first place remark, that in Russia, pharmaceu- 
tists are considered in the employ of the government, a cir- 
cumstance which confers upon them great importance in the 
social hierarchy. 
The examinations of medical practitioners, veterinary sur- 
geons, and pharmaciens, and in general of all persons who 
exercise any department of the medical profession, are made 
by the Academies or Imperial Universities of Medicine and 
Surgery. 
The examination takes place in full meeting of conference, 
or Faculty of Medicine. 
Each Professor is the examiner upon the portion of science 
that he professes. He can be substituted for by an adjunct. 
In the absence of both, the faculty designates another person 
to perform the office. At the same time, each Professor pre- 
sent has the right of propounding questions upon all the sub- 
jects of the examination. 
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