344 
MEDICINE AND PHARMACY IN RUSSIA. 
No person, whether a Russian subject or a foreigner, can 
practice either medicine, veterinary surgery, or pharmacy, 
without being provided with a diploma, emanating from an 
Academy or Imperial University of Medicine or Surgery. 
There are three degrees of examination relative to phar- 
macy, to wit: 
1. That of Assistant Pharmacien. ( Pharmacopozus ttfuxi- 
liarius.) 
2. That of Provisor, (Purveyor.) ( Pharmacopceus sub- 
stitutus.) 
3. That of Pharmacien. ( Pharmacopozus.) 
Physicians, veterinary surgeons, assistant pharmaciens and 
provisors, are divided into two orders, relatively to the extent 
of their acquirements, and do not pass from one order to the 
other without new examinations. 
Title 1st. To be admitted to an examination for assistant 
pharmacien, it is necessary, 1st. To be prepared with suffi- 
cient knowledge upon the subjects which constitute the ob- 
jects of instruction for the four first classes in the Colleges. — 
2d. To have served an apprenticeship of three years at least 
in a pharmacy of the crown, or in a free pharmacy. 
The examinations are upon the following subjects: 
a. In Mineralogy, the principal systems, the terminology, 
and principally the minerals which belong to pharmacy. 
b. In Botany, the terminology and the principal systems. 
c. In Zoology, the different systems, and principally the 
animals of which certain parts are employed in pharmacy. 
d. In Physics, the general properties of bodies. 
e. Tn Chemistry, the simple non-metallic bodies, the metals, 
the principal oxides, acids, salts and products, employed in 
medicine. 
f. In Pharmacognosy, the substances most employed, their 
denomination, their origin, their distinctive characters. 
g. In Pharmacy general, it is necessary to translate from 
the Latin Pharmacopoeia, a passage pointed out by a Professor. 
h. In Pharmacology, to indicate the ordinary doses of 
medicines of violent activity. 
