Biosophy 
It is not concerned with systematic Zoology, excepting | 
as regards the main line of evolution of Man, and the 
establishment of biological fundamentals. 
16. It aims at balancing evenly the claims of Cul- 
iural and Economic considerations, and regards Truth 
in the form of high intellectual interest, Beauty in Art | 
and healthy activity in Recreation as in no way losing 
importance because they or either of them do not con- 
tribute directly to the satisfaction of such material needs 
as food and clothing; or because they do not facilitate 
commercial or political exploitation. 1 
17. In its outlook Biosophy is optimistic and 
Utopian. It regards Truth, Beauty, Liberty, Health, and 
Equity as the foundations of Happiness; and rational 
Happiness as the greatest good. Tt sets itself against the 
exploitation of individual by individual or of class by 
class; and also against the exploitation of the residents 
of one area by the residents of another. It stresses the 
importance of the conception of “Optimum Population” 
as applied to every unit of area, and will probably 
regard birth-control and eugenics as practicable means 
of securing such optimum; by “optimum” is meant 
that quantity and quality of population which ensures 
for the whole the best and highest standard of living- 
attainable at the time, and from time to time. It resists 
any claim by aggressive powers deliberately to foster 
over-population in their territories as an excuse for 
forcible occupation of other and sanely-populated coun- 
tries. It studies the racial characters of mankind with 
sincere desire to arrive at the truth with regard to the | 
desirability or otherwise of certain racial crossings, and | 
with the intention of adjusting racial problems on the 
lines of truth so arrived at and with justice to the races 
concerned. It views with abhorrence the social inequality 
and injustice which is glaringly evident to-day, studics 
dispassionately the individualist and socialist standpoints 
and seeks a remedy which it may perhaps expect to find 
in a middle course. It may safely be anticipated that 
Biosophy will insist on better conditions for chiidren 
and more equal opportunity for youth; that it will 
deprecate disproportionate rewards and powers going 
to entrepreneurs and schemers as compared with 
workers, will put drones and parasites in their proper 
places, will abolish or greatly diminish rates of interest, 
will handle questions of land tenure on rational and 
equitable lines, and, at least in countries requiring 
population, will endow motherhood. 
18. Needless to say, Biosophy will study closely the 
causes of War and will do all in ils power towards 
prevention. An insufficiently-recognised cause of war is 
the general toleration of the “exploitation of place by 
place"—of country by town, colony by mother country, 
weak country by strong. So long as this is tolerated 
within countries and empires, so long will outside 
aggression and exploitation be sought; the rights of the 
small internal units of area should be recognised as 
a preliminary towards those of the large external units. 
19. The main need and justification for Biosophy 
lies in the interdependence of all these questions of 
social relationship and their origin in the fundamentals 
42 
of physical and biological science and psychology; a 
general survey is a necessary preliminary to specialised 
treatment by experts. In the absence of such a general 
survey, the specialised discussions may well be too tech- 
nical and confusing for the general reader; added to 
which, in economics and politics, there are fundamental 
differences among the various experts which it is very 
difficult for the layman to disentangle. 
20. Biosophy aims at a humanistic universality of 
appeal, and at establishing a common ground of 
knowledge and a common code of ethics which may 
serve to unite men and women of all races and all 
nationalities and help them towards the realisation of 
the finer life which science has made possible. The 
acceptance of a scientific code in human affairs offers 
the only chance of using instead of abusing the practical 
gifts of science. The need of such a rational ideology, 
disseminated to become the common possession and 
motivation of humanity, must be obvious to all 
Biosophers. I think it is no exaggeration to say that 
we have no confidence that at this moment the destinies 
of the British Empire are not being decided by the visit 
-of one of our “statesmen” to a palmist; that the cause 
of Labor is not being betrayed for a generation because 
one of its leaders has to make good his losses at the last 
race meeting by accepting the easiest money offering; 
that some country is not on the verge of civil war 
because of squabbles between bishop and royalty over 
the latter’s love affairs; or that world war and collapse 
of civilisation are not pending through some imaginary 
racial superiority of Nordic or Mongolian. Whatever 
Biosophy can do to destroy the illusions of the super- 
stitious, the gamblers, the conventional and the 
prejudiced, and to remove the victims of such illusions, 
no less than the victims of drink and dope, from the 
control of world affairs, will be work well worth doing. 
21. Among the anticipated publications of Biosophy 
for the general reader I have already referred to a single 
volume “handbook,” presenting an outline of the whole 
subject. This would be supplemented by the expansion 
of each of several chapters into a separate volume or 
“text-book,” giving a reasonable and necessary amount 
of detail, each volume written by an expert and well 
illustrated, but still addressed to the public and using 
the recognised vocabulary of Biosophy. As the text- 
books gradually come to be written, they will form a 
compact and serviceable popular library of Biosophy, 
and will avoid nearly all overlapping and duplication 
in treatment; they will be adequate in scope and detail 
and at the same time readable without undue difficulty. 
Fifty volumes of this kind would be more useful than 
five hundred of the unco-ordinated, difficult, overlapping 
volumes we are accustomed to. In the meantime, until 
the fifty volumes of Biosophy are written, we have to 
find our way as best we can among the five hundred or 
so most serviceable ones we can select from the countless 
volumes of existing literature, 
22. The “Handbook” of Biosophy should be 
familiar to every elector in a democracy, and the 
“Textbooks” ‘to everyone concerned in education and 
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