462  Pharmacy  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago.  {^Tijmt* 
The  first  part  (galenical)  treats  of  the  different  "  medicaments  " 
and  their  mode  of  preparation,  and  defines  a  medicament  to  be  any- 
thing that  is  capable  to  change  our  nature  for  the  better.  "  Poyson 
differs  from  medicament  in  this,  that  it  destroys  our  nature ;  but  it 
may  pass  for  medicament  in  regard  that  Pharmacy  is  able  to  correct 
and  tame  whatever  it  has  of  wild  and  mischievous,  and  render  it 
wholesome."  "  The  matter  of  medicaments  are  taken  from  vegetals, 
animals  and  minerals." 
By  vegetals  is  understood  "  Trees,  shrubs,  brambles,  herbs,  with 
all  their  parts  ;  all  things  that  belong  to  or  grow  upon  them  ;  and  in 
general  everything  that  has  a  vegetative  life."  Here  follow  the 
names  of  the  "vegetals."  "By  animal  I  understand  fowl,  land 
creatures,  water  animals,  and  such  as  are  accustomed  to  land  and 
water  ;  and  not  only  such  as  are  made  use  of  whole,  as  scorpions,  frogs 
worms,  chestops,  little  dogs,  emmets,  cantharides,  lizzards,  etc.,  bu& 
all  the  parts  of  the  bodies  of  animals  which  may  be  used  in  physick, 
not  excepting  their  excrements  and  superfluities,  as  are  the  brain,  the 
fat,  the  blood,  the  hair,  the  dung  and  urine  of  men  ;  the  horn,  the 
pizzle,  the  stones,  the  suet,  the  marrow,  the  bone  of  the  heart  of  a 
deer ;  the  liver  and  inwards  of  a  wolfe  ;  the  grease,  melt,  the  yellow 
stones  and  bone  in  the  heart  of  an  oxe,  the  foot  of  an  elk,  the  lungs 
of  a  fox,  the  brains  of  a  sparrow,  the  tooth  of  an  elephant  and  a 
wild  boar,  the  horn  of  unicorn  and  rhinoceros,  the  ringbone,  hoof, 
fat  and  dung  of  a  horse  ;  the  dung  of  a  mule,  or  ass  musk  ;  perles, 
bezoar,  shells  ;  the  heart,  liver,  trunk,  head,  tayl,  fat  and  skin  of 
vipers,"  etc.,  etc.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  metals,  among  which  is 
found  sulphur,  alum,  chalk,  bismuth,  zinc  ;  including  &s  metals,  water,, 
rain,  hail,  snow,  ice  and  thunder-bolts. 
The  virtues  of  medicaments  are  divided  into  three  qualities.  I 
will  only  mention  the  last  :  "  The  third  qualities  are  hidd'n  and  we 
can  only  find  them  out  by  experience.  As,  when  a  jasper  apply'd  to 
a  wound  stops  the  blood  ;  when  a  toad  dry'd,  being  held  in  the  hand, 
stays  bleeding  at  the  nose  and  asswages  the  tooth-ache,  which  is  also 
performed  by  the  bone  in  the  fore-leg  of  the  same  toad  ;  when  a  stick 
of  ash,  boy  I'd  under  a  certain  constellation,  stops  all  losses  of  blood. 
As,  when  a  hazel  stick,  gather'd  in  its  proper  season,  heals  all  con- 
tusions ;  when  the  eagle  stone,  hung  about  the  neck,  hinders  abortion, 
and  hastens  and  facilitates  the  birth,  being  tyed  to  the  thigh.  As, 
when  certain  plants  ty'd  to  a  horse's  tayl  heal  the  farce ;  and  several 
