548 
Pharmacy  in  Denmark. 
/Am.  Joto.Pharm, 
t    Dec.  1, 1874. 
preparation,  one  or  more  tests,  and  a  qualitative  analysis  (of  any 
mechanical  mixture),  on  each  of  which  three  he  has  to  write  a  report 
(thesis).  Said  preparations  (and  analysis)  being  made,  and  reports 
written  on  three  consecutive  days  within  twelve  hours  each  day, 
during  which  time  he  is  not  allowed  to  talk  to  anybody,  or  leave  the 
room  before  his  task  is  finished,  nor  are  text-books  allowed. 
Then  comes  the  theoretical  part,  which  is  conducted  orally,  and 
consists  of  questions  in  practical  pharmacy,  theoretical  and  practical 
chemistry,  natural  philosophy,  botany,  pharmacology.  There  are 
three  degrees  of  qualification,  according  to  the  number  of  points 
made :  Laudabilis,  haud-illaudabiUs  and  non-contemnendus  (praise- 
worthy, not  unpraiseworthy,  not  to  be  despised) ;  graduates  with  the 
last  degree  generally  try  to  make  the  examination  over  again.  For 
exceptional  proficiency  in  all  branches  there  exists  a  fourth  degree  : 
Laudabilis  prce  ceteris  (praiseworthy  above  all  others).  There  is  one 
peculiarity,  which  obtains  in  putting  up  prescriptions,  viz.,  that  every 
prescriptionist  must  put  his  name  on  the  label  every  time  a  prescrip- 
tion is  put  up  ;  in  case  of  mistakes,  it  is  at  once  traced  to  the  guilty 
party. 
In  general,  the  Danish  apothecaries  are  not  permitted  to  sell  other 
things  but  drugs  and  medicines  (including  cologne,  pomatum,  hair  oil, 
chocolate)  ;  since,  in  small  places,  the  legitimate  part  of  business  is 
not  likely  to  be  sufficiently  remunerative,  permission  is  granted  to 
deal  in  groceries  and  general  sundries  besides.  As  a  curiosity,  it 
may  be  mentioned  that  such  a  small  apothecary  was  backed  in  1804 
by  an  ordinance  forbidding  the  grocers  and  other  dealers  in  the  same 
place  to  deal,  among  other  things,  in  spirits  of  turpentine,  purified 
saltpetre,  licorice  root,  licorice,  muriate  of  ammonia  and  guaiacum 
wood. 
The  roll  of  graduates  was  kept  regularly  only  since  1770,  and 
numbered,  in  the  one  hundred  years  ending  1870,  1140.  Of  those 
graduates  who  have  distinguished  themselves,  must  first  and  foremost 
be  named  H.  C.  Oersted  (graduated  1797),  the  discoverer  of  electro- 
magnetism  ;  W.  C.  Zeise  (from  1815)  is  well  known  for  his  researches 
on  mercaptan,  thialic  ether,  xanthic  acid  and  ether,  the  action  of 
chloride  of  platinum  on  alcohol,  etc. ;  E.  A.  Scharling  (from  1828), 
through  his  researches  on  some  starches,  fats,  oleoresins  and  balsams, 
is  not  entirely  unknown  as  a  chemist ;  Dr.  William  Neergaard,  for 
many  years  Vice-President  of  the  New  York  College  of  Pharmacy, 
