122 
Shaddock  and  Forbidden  Fruit. 
Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
March,  1896. 
The  introduction  into  most  sub-tropical  countries  and  the  subsequent 
success  which  attended  the  cultivation  of  its  members  has  given 
originate  numerous  varieties,  which  renders  the  differentiation  and 
systematic  classification  of  varieties  and  species  a  task  of  great 
difficulty. 
The  generic  name  Citrus  is  mentioned  by  Wittstein  as  being  of 
African  origin.  He  also  mentions  several  Greek  forms  of  the  word 
— yirpza,  ytTpta.y  and  yjzptov.1 
Many  different  opinions  have  been  advanced  concerning  the  exact 
locality  of  the  origin  of  this  important  genus.  Among  the  locali- 
ties advocated  by  various  authorities,  may  be  mentioned  India,2 
China,3  Malay  Islands/  Cochin  China  and  Japan,5  and  tropical  Asia.6 
The'entire^territory  subject  to  dispute  might  easily  be  included  in 
the  terirf  tropical  Eastern  Asia,  which  is  specific  enough  for  general 
use  and  has  the  advantage  of  being  less  open  to  criticism. 
What  is  true  of  the  genus  in  general  is  true  of  its  members  indi- 
vidually, consequently  the  origin  of  the  shaddock  is  not  definitely 
known.  De  Candolle7  mentions  that  it  does  not  occur  wild  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  but  that  the  number  of  varieties  under  cultivation 
would  ^indicate  an  ancient  origin.  He  also  makes  the  statement  (in 
opposition  to  Rumphius,  who  believed  it  to  be  a  native  of  Southern 
China)  that,  while  the  species  has  a  simple  spoken  name,  yti,  the 
written  character  appears  to  be  too  complicated  for  a  truly  indigenous 
plant.  He  mentions  that  indications  of  a  wild  existence  are  found  in 
the  islands  east  of  the  Malay  Archipelago ;  that  it  is  very  common 
n  the  Friendly  Isles  and  the  Fiji  Islands,  where  it  covers  the  banks 
of  the  rivers,  and  concludes  by  saying  that  "  it  would  be  strange  if  a 
tree  so  much  cultivated  in  Southern  Asia  should  be  naturalized  to 
such  a  degree  in  certain  islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  scarcely  be  found 
elsewhere."    In  regard  to  India,  it  is  stateds  that  there  is  no  San- 
1  1856,  Wittstein,  Etymologisches  Botanisches  Handwdrterbuch. 
2  1763,  Linnaeus,  Species  Plantarum ;  1815,  Pursh,  Hortus  Catalogiensis ; 
1862,  Benthain  and  Hooker,  Genera  Plantarum. 
3  1837,  Jas.  Macfayden,  Flora  of  Jamaica  ;  1879,  Chas.  Pickering,  Chronolo- 
gical History  of  Plants. 
4  1875,  J.  D.  Hooker,  Flora  of  British  India;  1888,  Encyclopedia  Britaunica. 
5  1828,  Rees'  Encyclopedia  ;  1866,  Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Plants.  . 
6  1885,  Index  Kewensis,  Vol.  I. 
7  1885,  Alphonse  de  Candolle,  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants. 
*  1890,  Pharmacographia  Indica. 
