216  Botany  and  Materia  Medica.  {^SS'uSf™' 
( 1 )  Pernambuco  Jaborandi.  — The  official  jaborandi  was  first  brought 
to  Paris  from  Pernambuco,  by  Dr.  Coutinho,  a  Brazilian  physician, 
and  was  identified  by  Prof.  Baillon,  in  1874,  as  the  leaflets  of  Pilo- 
carpus pennatifolius,  Lemaire,  a  plant  indigenous  to  the  province  of 
San  Paulo.  As  early  as  1875,  Mr.  Holmes  became  convinced  that 
the  leaves  of  commerce  showed  characters  distinctly  different  from 
those  of  P.  pennatifolius,  and  were  more  closely  allied  to  those  of 
P.  Selloanus,  Engler.,  Subsequently,  in  1892,  he  obtained  from  the 
Cambridge  gardens  a  flowering  branch  of  a  plant  which  he  identi- 
fied as  the  source  of  this  variety  of  jaborandi,  and  proposed  for  this 
species  the  name  of  Pilocarpus  jaborandi. 
(2)  Piper  Jaborandi. — In  1875,  the  leaves  and  roots  of  a  species 
of  Piper  were  imported  from  Brazil  under  the  name  of  jaborandi. 
The  leaves  are  thin,  papery,  grayish,  tapering  equally  to  both  ends, 
and  have  not  the  large  oil  cells  characteristic  of  the  Rutacese.  The 
leaves  of  Piper  jaborandi,  Veil.,  P.  reticulatum,  L ,  P.  citrifolium, 
Lam.,  P.  nodulosum,  Link,  and  P.  mollicomum,  Kunth,  are  said  to 
be  used  under  the  name  of  jaborandi.  The  leaves  are  generally 
mixed  in  commerce  with  portions  of  the  stem  which  exhibit  the 
curious  enlarged  nodes,  characteristic  of  pepper  stems,  and  the 
equally  remarkable  stem  structure. 
(3)  Paraguay  Jaborandi. — The  leaves  of  the  Pernambuco  jabo- 
randi had  not  been  long  in  commerce  when  a  plentiful  supply  of 
jaborandi  leaves  from  Rio  Janeiro,  and  probably  also  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  entered  the  London  market,  but  it  was  soon  discovered  that 
they  yielded  much  less  alkaloid  than  the  Pernambuco  kind.  The 
leaflets  were  thinner  than  those  of  the  Pernambuco  jaborandi,  and 
the  leaves  had  only  two  or  three,  never  four,  pairs  of  leaflets.  The 
leaflets  tapered  more  to  the  base,  so  that  the  widest  portion  was 
above  the  middle ;  the  lateral  veins  were  not  prominent  and  the 
upper  surface  was  grayish  green.  These  characters,  as  well  as  those 
of  the  fruit,  seemed  to  correspond  with  P.  pennatifolius,  Lem.  There 
is  little  doubt  that  the  leaves  of  P.  pennatifolius  have  been  exported 
from  Paraguay  and  the  neighboring  provinces  by  way  of  Rio  Janeiro 
and  Buenos  Ayres. 
In  1877,  Prof.  Baillon  examined  specimens  of  all  jaborandi  sold 
in  Paris  during  the  two  previous  years.  He  recognized  leaflets  of 
Piper  jaborandi,  Pilocarpus  pennatifolius  and  P.  Selloanus.  P.  Sello- 
anus, Engl.,  seems  very  near  to  P.  pennatifolius,  the  chief  difference 
