AmMayri8P96arm-}  North  American  Conifercz.  253 
products  are  classified ;  at  the  same  time  they  show  how  enor- 
mously destructive  the  industry  is  at  the  present  time: 
"  It  appears  that  the  yield  of  the  crop  of  200  acres  distributes  itself  about  as 
follows  : 
Dip. 
Scrape. 
Total 
Crude 
Turp'n- 
tine. 
Total 
Yield. 
Scrape. 
Spirits. 
Rosin. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Per  Ct. 
Per  Ct. 
Gallons 
Per  Ct. 
Ba  rrels. 
67,200 
16,800 
84,000 
30*9 
20'0 
2,100 
34*4 
260 
54,000 
28.800 
82,800 
30-5 
34-8 
2,000 
32-8 
200 
28,800 
24,000 
52,800 
I9'5 
45 '5 
1,100 
18-0 
100 
28,000 
24,000 
52,000 
19-1 
46*1 
900 
14-8 
100 
Total  
178,000 
93.600 
271,600 
IOO'O 
34'* 
6,100 
IOO'O 
660 
"If  we  assume  that  4.500  trees  produce  these  amounts  in  four  years,  the  yield 
per  tree  in  crude  turpentine  is  about  60  pounds.  The  result  at  the  still  would 
indicate  that  each  tree  furnishes  between  1%  and  \]/z  gallons  of  spirit  and  yi 
of  a  barrel,  or  30  pounds,  of  rosin  of  better  grade,  or  at  best  75  cents'  worth  of 
product  during  the  four  years,  which  it  has  cost  55  cents  to  produce,  leaving 
5  cents  net  per  tree  per  year,  or  from  $1  to  $r.25  per  acre. 
"  From  the  fact  that  4,000  acres  of  timber  land  (20  crops  of  200  acres  each) 
during  four  years'  working  produce  120,000  gallons  of  spirit  of  turpentine,  or 
J}4  gallons  per  acre  and  year,  it  follows  that  to  produce  the  17,000,000  gallons 
reported  as  the  annual  product,  not  less  than  2,250,000  acres  must  be  in 
orchard  ;  and  since  the  yield  of  the  first  year  represents  35  per  cent,  of  the 
total  annual  yield,  at  least  800,000  acres  of  virgin  forest  are  newly  invaded 
annually  to  supply  the  turpentine  stills  in  operation." 
TAR. 
Tar  was  one  of  the  earliest  pine  products  manufactured  in  the 
American  colonies.  In  the  South  it  was  commonly  converted  into 
pitch  before  being  shipped,  by  the  addition  of  some  crude  turpen- 
tine and  boiling  down  to  the  proper  consistency.  In  the  North 
considerable  quantities  were  also  produced  from  Pinus  rigida. 
Tar,  as  found  and  used  in  the  United  States,  is  the  product  of  the 
incomplete  combustion  of  the  fat  pine,  Pinus  palustris,  and  some 
other  species  of  pine1. 
North  Carolina  produces  most  of  the  tar  exported  irom  this 
country,  although  small  quantities,  especially  for  home  consump- 
1  Dunwody,  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.,  1889,  p.  600. 
