Am.  Jour.  Pharm.) 
February,  1920.) 
Glass  Manufacture. 
123 
in  that  the  goods  show  no  seam,  the  glass  being  turned  in  the  mould 
during  the  process  of  blowing.  Mould-blown  goods  cannot  be 
classed  as  artistic,  but  from  the  utilitarian  standpoint  they  are 
often  superior  to  the  hand-made,  being  consistently  true  to  pattern, 
and  much  the  cheaper. 
Progress  in  the  application  of  mechanical  methods  to  the  produc- 
tion of  this  class  of  goods  has  been  made  only  to  the  extent  of  intro- 
ducing American  machines,  such  as  the  Empire  machine  and  the 
Westlake  machine,  which  two  British  firms  have  installed  for  the 
manufacture  of  electric  lamp  bulbs. 
Progress  in  the  manfacture  of  jars,  bottles,  etc.,  from  glass  pro- 
duced in  tanks  has  been  retarded  rather  than  advanced  by  the  war, 
but  manufacturers  seem  anxious  to  make  up  for  lost  time.  It  must 
be  admitted  that  more  actual  progress  is  being  made  in  America 
than  in  this  country,  and  there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  our  manu- 
facturers rather  to  purchase  the  rights  to  use  American  machinery 
than  to  spend  money  on  the  investigation  and  development  of  new 
processes.  Enterprise  of  this  kind  is  very  costly,  and  more  than 
one  American  invention  is  credited  with  having  cost  those  who 
undertook  the  development  of  it  more  than  half  a  million  sterling. 
The  output  of  glass  tubing  has  been  enormously  increased,  par- 
ticularly for  uses  connected  with  the  war.  In  many  glass  houses 
men  engaged  in  the  hand-made  trade  became  tube  drawers,  and  soon 
became  highly  skilled  at  the  work.  The  methods  of  working  em- 
ployed varied  greatly,  and  it  would  be  interesting  to  obtain  statistical 
information  as  to  their  relative  efficiency.  It  must  be  allowed  that, 
as  much  of  the  tube  was  drawn  in  glass  houses  not  specially  designed 
for  tube  drawing,  the  men  were  often  at  a  serious  disadvantage.  If 
the  output  is  to  be  large,  a  tube  shop  must  be  so  designed  that  the 
men  have  to  walk  the  minimum  distance  between  the  processes  of 
gathering,  marvering,  reheating,  etc.  Tubes  over  one  inch  in  diam- 
eter should  certainly  be  annealed  before  issue,  which  is  not  usually 
done. 
Several  methods  of  tube  drawing  by  machinery  have  recently 
been  patented  in  America,  but  little  is  yet  known  as  to  their  merits. 
Our  knowledge  of  the  processes  of  annealing  is  not  satisfactory, 
but  it  has  certainly  been  extended  during  the  war,  and  in  this  con- 
nection the  thanks  of  the  glass  trade  are  due  to  Mr.  F.  Twyman, 
of  Messrs.  Adam  Hilger,  Ltd.,  whose  valuable  contribution  to  the 
study  of  the  subject  has  been  published  in  the  Jofirnal  of  the  Society 
