568  Pharmaceutical  Events  in  1870.        {^'^  J^ngns^!'\9T6. 
S.  M.  Jorgensen,  of  Copenhagen,  introduces  the  polyiodide 
test  for  the  detection  of  alkaloids. 
Dr.  Wilhlem  von  Brugge  (1819-92),  professor  of  physiology  at 
Vienna,  introduces  emulsion  test  for  fatty  acids. 
Prof.  Adolf  von  Baeyer,  of  Munich,  of  synthetic  indigo  fame, 
works  on  Mellitic  Acid,  on  Purine  derivatives  and  Uric  Acid.  He 
determines  the  constitution  of  Furfural  and  Pyrrol  and  invents  the 
process  of  the  formation  of  Hydrocarbons  by  reduction  with 
Hydriodic  Acid  and  Phosphorus. 
Justus  von  Liebig,  the  father  of  agricultural  chemistry,  dis- 
covers Invertase.  He  also  publishes  his  last  book  of  importance 
"Uber  Losung  und  Quelle  der  Muskelkraft." 
J.  Lothar  Meyer  (1830-95),  professor  at  Karlsruhe  and  later  at 
Tubingen,  works  on  molecular  volume  and  completes  his  researches 
on  the  periodic  system,  began  in  1861. 
Oskar  Liebreich,  dozent  and  later  professor  of  pharmacology, 
Univ.  Berlin,  determines  the  structure  of  Betaine,  the  alkaloid  in 
beet-juice,  discovered  by  Scheibler  in  1866. 
Prof.  L.  I.  Mendeleeff,  of  St.  Petersburg,  begins  his  work  on 
critical  data  of  gases,  1870-85. 
Prof.  Robert  Wilhelm  Bunsen,  at  Heidelberg,  of  "Bunsen- 
burner  fame,"  invents  Ice  Calorimeter,  an  apparatus  for  deter- 
mining specific  and  latent  heat  of  bodies. 
Ethylidine  Chloride  or  Ethylene  Chloride,  CH3CHCI2,  was  in- 
troduced as  an  anesthetic  by  Prof.  Bernhard  von  Langenbeck 
(1810-87),  of  Berlin,  the  greatest  clinician,  surgeon  and  teacher  of  his 
day  in  Germany. 
Gelatin  suppositories  and  Vaginal  Globules  introduced  by 
Apotheker  Grohs  in  Vienna,  later  Baron  Grohs  von  Figely. 
Petroleum  burners  replace  the  old  Berzelius  lamps. 
Gruner  recommends  the  steam  turbine  as  a  motor  for  the  pharma- 
ceutical laboratory. 
Apotheker  Reeb,  of  Strassburg,  introduced  oil  and  syrup  shelf 
bottles  with  cup-shaped  neck  to  collect  the  drippings. 
Eugen  Dieterich,  of  Helfenberg,  manufactures  paper  bottle 
caps  with  a  machine  invented  by  Enzmann. 
That  even  the  Franco-German  war  acted  as  a  stimulant  to  chem- 
istry, pharmacy  and  medicine,  can  be  seen  from  the  following  inno- 
vations. 
Smokeless  powder  was  invented. 
