3o8 
Clove  Cultivation. 
Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
June,  1893. 
expressed  by  Messrs.  Schimmel,  it  appears  that  pure  lemon  oil  of 
good  quality  should  have  a  specific  gravity  of  0-8 5 8  to  0-859  at  150 
C,  and  an  optical  rotation  not  less  than  -}-  6o°,  with  a  column  of 
100  mm.  But  these  data  are  by  no  means  sufficient  indications  of 
quality,  which  can  only  be  determined  satisfactorily  by  ascertaining 
the  amount  of  citral  present.  It  has  not  yet  been  possible  to  do 
that ;  but  Messrs.  Schimmel  are  endeavoring  to  devise  a  method 
suitable  for  that  purpose,  and  they  have  reason  to  believe  that  they 
will  succeed.  In  reference  to  the  recently  established  production  of 
a  concentrated  lemon  oil — wholly  or  partially  deprived  of  terpene — 
a  question  is  raised  as  to  what  may  be  expected  to  become  of  the 
by-products  of  that  operation,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  pinene  and 
limonene,  possessing  some  lemon  odor  but  almost  destitute  of 
citral. 
Sweet  Orange  Oil. — Similar  observations  of  the  characters  of  this 
oil  have  been  instituted,  and  the  conclusion  arrived  at  is  that  it 
should  have  a  specific  gravity  of  -850  at  150  C,  and  a  rotation  of  at 
least  950.  Addition  of  turpentine  to  the  oil  reduces  the  rotation 
and  increases  the  specific  gravity. 
.  :  !  ^  
CLOVE  CULTIVATION.1 
Undoubtedly  the  principal  and  most  important  cultivation  of 
Zanzibar  is  that  of  the  clove  tree.  It  is  grown  wherever  the  soil  is 
suitable,  from  the  large  and  extensive  plantations  belonging  to  the 
Sultan  and  his  family  to  the  few  trees  owned  by  the  more  humble 
cultivator.  The  soil  most  suitable  for  clove  cultivation  is  "  a  dark 
loam,  having  underneath  a  layer  of  dusky  yellow  earth,  intermixed 
with  gravel;"  also  "a  yellowish  or  reddish  stiff  clay;"  and  these 
typical  soils  are  all  found  on  the  island.  Certainly  the  clove  tree 
requires  clay,  and  I  observed  there  was  always  a  marked  difference 
in  appearance  between  trees  growing  on  a  clay  soil — red  for  pre- 
ference— and  those  found  on  a  lighter  ground ;  and  the  finest  trees 
were  always  either  growing  on  a  red  clay,  or  else  a  stiff  dark  red  to 
darker  chocolate  soil.  The  clove  tree  (Caryophyllus  aromaticus),  is 
a  native  of  the  Moluccas,  and  was  introduced  into  Mauritius  in  1770 
by  the  French,  and  at  the  end  of  the  century  an  Arab,  by  name 
Harameli-bin-Saleh,  accompanied  a  French  officer  from  Zanzibar  to 
1  Consular  Report ;  Phar.  Jour,  and  Trans.,  April  1,  1893,  p.  808. 
