312 
Method  of  Chemical  Synthesis. 
f  Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
\       June,  1893. 
is  equal  to  y2  frasila,  dry.  The  color  desired  in  the  dry  clove  is 
red ;  and  buds  of  this  color  are  more  valued  than  black.  Cloves 
are  dispatched  to  Zanzibar  in  gunny  bags.  There  is  a  duty 
due  to  Government  of  25  per  cent.;  this  is  paid  in  kind,  and  the 
cloves  heaped  in  bulk  in  the  Government  godovvns.  Public  auctions 
of  this  are  now  held  by  Government  every  fortnight  to  allow  open 
competition,  and  especially  to  admit  European  merchants.  Zanzi- 
bar cloves  are  very  dry,  differing  much  in  this  respect  from  the 
Pemba  produce,  and  can  be  stored  for  some  time,  but  Pembas  are 
disposed  of  as  early  as  possible,  as  otherwise  the  loss  from 
"  shortage  "  is  very  great.  The  latter  generally  arrive  damp,  and 
there  is  much  shortage  when  dried.  A  good  dry  sample  of  Pemba 
cloves  is  smaller  and  blacker — blacker  from  having  contained  much 
moisture.  Zanzibar  cloves  are  larger,  the  red  appearance  of  the 
dried  buds  is  unmistakable,  and  they  are  well-known  as  "  Zanzibar 
red-heads." 
Export. — Cloves  are  generally  exported  in  double  mat  bags 
("  makanda  ")  in  preference  to  gunnies,  though  there  is  more  short- 
age— in  fact,  the  difference  is  marked  ;  though  double,  the  mat  bags 
apparently  permit  a  greater  absorption  of  damp.  •  The  difference  of 
shortage  between  Zanzibar  and  Europe  in  the  weight  of  the  cloves 
equals  8  per  cent.  The  difference  between  Zanzibar  and  Pemba 
cloves  is  well  recognized  in  Europe,  but  large  shipments  of  both 
varieties  are  also  made  to  Bombay,  where  they  are  very  probably 
mixed.  Also  large  exports  of  clove  stalks  are  made  to  both  Bom- 
bay and  New  York.  The  exports  of  cloves  from  Zanzibar  for 
1 890-91  are  as  below: 
GENERAL  METHOD  OF  CHEMICAL  SYNTHESIS.1 
According  to  the  theory  which  the  author  holds,  all  chemical 
action  should  be  impossible  at  very  low  temperatures,  and  a  series 
of  very  interesting  experiments  has  been  executed  in  order  to  show 
that  this  is  the  case.     Aqueous  sulphuric  acid,  containing  89 
Zanzibar, 
Pemba, 
1S90.  1891. 
Frasilas.  Frasilas 
124,929  62,017 
385,981  326,986 
By  R.  Pictet. 
1  Compt.  rend.,  115,  708-712,  and  814-817;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc,  Abstr.,  1893, 
ii,  112. 
