6o6 
Rose  Cultivation. 
Am.  Jour.  Pharm , 
Dec,  1893. 
are  then  emptied,  cleansed  with  clear  water  and  the  same  process  is 
repeated  until  all  the  morning  gathered  flowers  are  distilled.  The  rose- 
water  extracted  from  the  first  distillation  is  redistilled  in  the  same 
way,  only  in  this  second  distillation  from  100  to  120  pounds  of  rose- 
water  is  used,  and  out  of  it  they  extract  some  thirty  to  thirty-five 
pounds  of  second  rosewater.  This  double  distilled  rosewater  is  very 
strong  in  odor  and  quite  turbid  in  appearance ;  it  is  full  of  tiny 
yellow-white  oily  globules  floating  in  it,  and  as  the  bottle  is  filled 
they  rise  up  and  gather  on  the  top  of  the  long-necked  bottles  in 
which  the  rosewater  runs.  These  globules  are  the  Otto  of  Rose, 
and  when  all  the  oil  has  settled  on  the  tops  of  the  bottles  it  is 
skimmed  and  put  in  separate  bottles  by  little  conic-like  spoons,  with 
a  little  hole  in  the  bottom,  large  enough  to  let  the  water  run  out, 
but  not  the  oil. 
There  are  at  present  about  5,500  acres  of  rose  gardens  in  the 
entire  rose  district,  which  produce  annually  from  17,000,000  to 
21,000,000  pounds  of  flowers,  or  about  5,400,000,000  roses.  A  rose 
garden,  an  acre  large,  yields  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances 
from  4,000  to  4,500  pounds  of  roses,  out  of  which  amount  is  ex- 
tracted from  twenty  to  twenty-five  ounces  of  Otto  of  Rose.  It  takes 
generally  from  180  to  220  pounds  of  roses  to  make  one  ounce  of 
Otto  of  Rose,  and  there  are  about  300  roses  to  the  pound.  The 
total  amount  of  Otto  of  Rose  produced  annually  in  the  whole  dis- 
trict varies  according  to  the  seasons,  from  60,000  to  100,000  ounces 
of  Otto  of  Rose.  Last  year  the  whole  crop  amounted  to  about 
60,000  ounces,  while  this  year  the  crop  will  not  exceed  the  total 
sum  of  80,000  ounces.  Nothing  can  be  positively  known  of  the 
yield  of  a  crop  before  it  has  been  fully  distilled.  Many  things 
damage  a  crop,  as  hailstorms  in  autumn,  excessive  cold  in  winter, 
early  and  deceptive  spring,  white  frost  during  the  budding  season, 
and  hot  and  dry  weather  during  the  harvest.  The  last  two  cause 
the  greatest  damage  to  a  crop. 
Nearly  all  the  Otto  of  Rose  produced  in  Bulgaria  is  exported  for 
consumption  abroad.  Its  three  largest  markets  are  Paris,  London 
and  New  York,  from  where  it  is  distributed  all  over  the  world.  All 
the  principal  perfumers  procure  now  their  supply  direct  from  the 
native  manufacturers  and  exporters. 
