618  Medicinal  Plants  of  the  Cree  Indians.  {^dS^iSS"* 
Marshall,  freed  from  the  periderm  and  leaving  exposed  the  numerous 
vesicles  in  which  the  Canada  balsam  is  secreted.  The  bark  is  about 
one  line  thick,  has  a  short  fracture,  and  is  of  a  white  color  when' 
broken;  the  inner  surface  is  pale-brown  and  the  exterior  reddish- 
brown.  The  taste  is  astringent  and  bitter,  with  a  flavor  of  Canada 
balsam. 
Wakinakim,  the  bark  of  Juniperus  communis,  L. — This  is  used  to 
make  a  poultice  for  wounds.  According  to  Mr.  Haydon  it  is  prepared 
for  use  by  taking  a  stick  and  cutting  it  into  pieces  about  four  inches 
long,  boiling  it  until  the  outer  bark  comes  off  easily,  scraping  off  the 
inner  bark  and  beating  it  between  two  stones  into  a  pulpy  mass,  which 
is  applied  to  the  wound.  Mr.  Haydon  has  seen  it  so  used,  and  re- 
marks, "  It  certainly  seems  to  clear  a  foul  wound  well,  and  is  the  usual 
remedy  employed  by  Indians  for  wounds  of  all  kinds."  The  beneficial 
action  of  the  bark  is  doubtless  due  to  its  great  astringency,  and  to  the 
volatile  oil  present  in  it,  which  would  naturally  act  as  an  antiseptic. 
Milawapamule,  Cornus  sericea,  Herit.,  (Red  Willow  Bark). — This 
bark  occurs  in  two  qualities,  one  being  in  the  form  of  slender  quills,  3 
or  4  inches  long,  bearing  a  slight  resemblance  to  the  bark  of  Rhamnus 
Frangula,  but  free  from  scars.  The  transverse  fracture  is  yellowish- 
white,  the  inner  surface  light  orange  brown,  and  the  exterior  of  a  deep 
chestnut  brown  color,  but  when  fresh  of  a  bright  crimson ;  the  taste  is 
bitter  and  the  flavor  resembles  that  of  tea.  The  second  quality  con- 
sists of  fine  scrapings  of  the  young  bark.  The  latter  is  the  form  in 
which  the  bark  is  used  as  an  emetic  in  coughs  and  fevers.  For  coughs 
the  bark  is  boiled  in  water  and  the  decoction  strained  and  given  while 
still  warm  in  the  dose  of  a  wineglassful  every  few  minutes  until  vomit- 
ing supervenes.  For  colds  and  fevers  a  teaspoonful  of  the  decoction 
is  taken  occasionally.  The  scraped  wood  is  also  smoked,  mixed  with 
tobacco.    Boiled  with  rust  of  iron  it  is  used  as  a  black  dye. 
Nepatihe,  or  Green  Alder. — This  is  the  bark  of  Alnus  viridis,  DC. 
It  consists  of  thin  shreds  which  have  evidently  been  scraped  off  the 
young  branches.  The  inner  surface  is  of  a  pale  dull  brown  and  the 
exterior  greenish  brown..  It  has  a  very  astringent  taste  with  a  slight 
bitterness  and  a  flavor  recalling  that  of  the  leaves  of  Arbutus  Uva- 
ursi.    It  is  used  is  dropsy. 
Metoos  (Populus,  Sp.?)  Poplar  Bark. — This  bark  is  in  the  form  of 
thin  flat  strips  of  liber  about  half  an  inch  wide  and  half  a  line  thick. 
It  has  a  bitter,  slightly  mucilaginous  taste  with  some  astringency,  and 
