536  REVIEW  OF  PHARMACOPOEIA  HELVETICA. 
The  other  spirits  are  distilled  from  the  drugs. 
Among  the  31  syrups,  syrupus  aurantii  corticis,  cinnamomi 
and  croci  are  made  with  white  wine.  Syrupus  chinos  is  a  solu- 
tion of  extract  of  cinchona  dissolved  in  its  own  weight  of  Malaga 
wine  and  mixed  with  50  p.  syrup.  Syrupus  astheris  is  a  mixture 
of  1  ether  and  16  syrup.  Syrupus  balsami  peruviani  and  tolutani 
are  made  by  digesting  the  balsams  in  water.  Syrupus  capillo- 
rum  veneris,  chamomile,  diacodion,  liquiritise,  mannse  composi- 
tus,  rhei,  rhoeados  and  violarum  are  hot  infusions,  preserved  by 
sugar.  Syrupus  gummosus  contains  too  small  a  quantity  of 
sugar ;  the  addition  of  a  little  orange  flower  water  is  an  im- 
provement. Syrupus  ipecacuanha  contains  ^  of  ipecac,  and  is 
made  by  mixing  a  tincture  made  with  alcohol  of  -890,  with  syrup. 
It  is  rather  weak  and  must  separate  some  resinous  matter.  Sy- 
rupus ferri  jodati  is  made  by  mixing  syrupus  ferri  jodati  concen- 
trate with  12  parts  syrup  and  contains  in  each  ounce  4  grains  of 
iodide  of  iron.  Syrupus  cerasorum,  mororum,  rhamni  catharticse 
and  rubi  idsei  are  made  by  fermenting  the  crushed  fruits  for 
several  days,  expressing  and,  after  obtaining  the  juice  clear, 
dissolving  the  sugar.  Syrupus  sarsaparilise  is  made  by  macera- 
tion and  decoction,  and  contain  Honduras  sarsaparilla,  China 
root,  guaiacum,  sassafrass  wood,  Huanuco  bark  and  anise. 
Nearly  all  the  58  tinctures  are  made  by  maceration  for  a  week 
with  alcohol  of  -890  spec,  gravity  and  mostly  in  the  proportion 
of  1  to  6.  Tinctura  dulcis  is  merely  a  solution  of  caramel  made 
by  boiling  1  acetate  of  potassa,  8  sugar  and  4  water  until  a  dark 
brown  mass  is  obtained,  which  is  dissolved  in  6  water  and  mixed 
with  36  alcohol. 
Tinctura  jodi  is  of  the  strength  1:12,  tinct.  jodi  concentrata 
1:8  of  absolute  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  80—81).  Tinctura  opii  and  tinct. 
opii  crocata  (Sydenham's  laudanum)  contain  each  one-tenth  their 
own  weight  of  opium.  Tinct.  opii  benzoica  consists  of  powd. 
opium,  camphor,  benzoic  acid  *and  oil  of  anise,  of  each  1  part, 
alcohol  of  -890  sp.  gr.  192  parts. 
Among  the  compound  tinctures  the  following  two  may  serve 
as  specimens,  the  first  being  a  very  popular  domestic  bitters 
among  our  German  population,  and  is  said  to  be  also  the  formula 
