AtnMay!  i89i.allu' j  Pharmaceutical  Colleges  and  Associations.  247 
Benzoic  acid.  Compare  the  graphic  formulas  of  Acidum  Benzoicum,  Acidum 
Salicylicum  and  Acidum  Gallicum.  Give  the  graphic  formulas  of  Naphthalene; 
of  a-Naphthol,  of  ^3-Naphthol. 
A'— What  are  essential  oils,  and  in  what  physical  and  chemical  characters  do 
they  differ  from  the  fixed  oils  ?  In  what  several  groups  may  they  be  divided  ? 
What  are  the  compounds  which  are  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  the  essential 
oils  ?    Give  a  classification  of  these  latter  compounds. 
EXAMINATION  BY  THE  COMMITTEE. 
A — What  officinal  substances  are  termed  Balsams?  Give  natural  order; 
origin  ;  method  of  collection.  Describe  their  appearance  in  commerce.  What 
constituents  are  common  to  Balsams  ?  What  adulterations  are  usually  found 
in  them  ?  Name  two  officinal  substances  which  are  closely  allied  to  Balsams  in 
chemical  constituents  and  physical  properties. 
B — What  is  a  Hydrocarbon  ?  How  do  Hydrocarbons  differ  chemically  from 
Carbohydrates  ?  What  two  Halogen  derivatives  of  hydrocarbons  are  officinal  ? 
Give  symbolic  formula  of  officinal  Alcohol.  How  many  strengths  of  alcohol  are 
officinal?  Give  specific  gravity  of  each.  Give  the  symbolic  formula  of  Ethyl 
oxide.  Give  the  unabbreviated  officinal  names  of  the  two  varieties  of  Ether. 
State  the  respective  percentages  of  alcohol  and  ethyl  oxide  contained  in  each. 
Give  the  specific  gravities  of  the  officinal  ethers  at  15*6°  C.  What  is  the  differ- 
ence, chemically,  between  Petroleum-benzin  and  Benzol  ? 
C—  In  what  respect  does  the  Alumen  of  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  of  1880  differ 
from  the  Alumen  of  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  of  1870?  Give  a  chemical  test  to 
distinguish  one  from  the  other.  How  may  the  presence  of  iron  be  detected  in 
alumen  ?  Explain  the  clarification  of  turbid  water  by  the  addition  of  a  small 
quantity  of  alumen.  How  is  Alumen  exsiccatum  made  ?  How  does  it  differ 
from  alumen  ?  Give  the  name  and  properties  of  the  metal  contained  in 
the  compounds  of  the  alumen. 
D — Give  the  officinal  name  of  the  Oil  of  Wintergreen.  Give  the  botanical 
name  of  the  plant  yielding  it.  From  what  other  plant  is  much  of  the  oil  of 
wintergreen  of  commerce  obtained  ?  Do  these  two  oils  differ  greatly  in  proper- 
ties and  composition  ?  Give  the  specific  gravity  oftheoilof  wintergreen.  Of 
what  chemical  compound  does  it  largely  consist  ?  What  officinal  acid  may  be  pre- 
pared from  it  ?  How  may  adulterations  with  alcohol  and  chloroform 
be  detected  ?  How  may  the  absence  of  Oil  of  Sassafras  be  shown  ?  Into  what 
officinal  preparations  does  oil  of  wintergreen  enter. 
E — Name  three  characteristic  tests  for  Dead  ?  What  acids  are  used  to  dis- 
solve metallic  lead  ?  Give  two  tests  to  distinguish  the  Salts  of  Copper  and 
Bismuth.  What  three  tests  are  used  to  distinguish  between  Sulphites  and  Thio- 
sulphates  ? 
F — Give  the  officinal  preparations  of  Colchicum  Root  and  Colchicum  Seed. 
State  the  strength  of  each  preparation  ;  the  menstruum  -used  ;  the  dose  you 
would  give  of  each.  Describe  the  best  process  for  exhausting  Colchicum  seed. 
Name  the  active  principle.    Give  a  test  to  establish  its  identity. 
G — A  flask,  holding  a  litre,  is  half  full  of  water,  and  an  equal  bulk  of 
another  officinal  liquid  being  added,  the  contents  weigh  r,i25  grammes  ;  what 
is  the  liquid,  and  what  is  its  specific  gravity  ? 
H — What  will  be  the  appearance  of  the  following  prescriptions  when  com- 
