480  Flowers  and  Perfumes  in  the  Riviera.  {Amoctu;\F9i.arm' 
tree  yield  but  one  gm.  of  essence  for  every  kg.  of  blossoms.  This 
essence  is  the  "Neroli"  of  commerce,  and  is  the  principal  product 
in  the  district  between  the  department  of  Var  and  the  Italian 
boundary  line.  The  following  table  shows  the  yield  of  essence  of 
the  various  kinds  of  flowers,  roots  and  wood  : 
1,000  kg.  yield  ro 
kg.  essence. 
.    25,000  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg.  - 
1,000  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg.  - 
Mint,   . 
1,000  kg.  " 
075 
kg.  - 
1,000  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg. 
100  kg.  " 
0-5 
kg.  « 
100  kg.  " 
0-5 
kg.  " 
.     1,500  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg. 
200  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg.  « 
120  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg.  » 
Cedar,  .  .  \  
40  kg.  " 
1.0 
kg.  » 
40  kg.  " 
I'O 
kg.  " 
The  volatile  essences  produced 
by  the  above 
process  are  mixed 
with  alcohol  and  thus  utilized  as  cologne,  toilet  vinegar,  lavender 
water,  etc. 
Mignonette,  tuberose,  jasmin,  cassie-flowers,  violet  and  jonquil  con- 
tain no  ethereal  oil,  as  has  already  been  mentioned ;  these  flowers  are 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  pomades,  from  which  afterwards  alcoholic 
preparations,  extracts  or  infusions,  such  as  the  toilet  perfumes  of  the 
retail  trade,  are  produced.  There  are  two  processes  to  which  these 
flowers  may  be  submitted,  the  "  cold  "  and  the  "  hot  "  process.  The 
cold  process  is  generally  used  for  cassie  {Acacia  Farnesiana),  jas- 
min, tuberoses,  violets,  jonquil  and  several  other  varieties.  The 
freshly-gathered  flowers  are  spread  on  a  V^-inch  layer  of  pure  lard, 
which  has  been  placed  on  a  glass  plate  with  wooden  frame.  Forty 
to  fifty  of  these  frames  are  placed  one  above  the  other,  and  the 
flowers,  according  to  the  variety  under  manipulation,  changed  every 
12-48  hours,  until  the  lard  is  sufficiently  perfumed,  when  it  is 
packed  in  air-tight  containers  and  ready  for  commerce. 
In  the  hot  process,  20  kg.  of  fat  and  about  5  kg.  of  flowers  are 
placed  in  a  copper  container  and  heated  slowly  with  constant  stir- 
ring. After  heating  for  about  ten  minutes,  the  vessel  is  allowed  to 
cool,  and  then  5  kg.  of  flowers  are  again  added ;  this  is  repeated 
until  the  fat  is  sufficiently  impregnated  with  the  perfume.  The  hot 
fluid  is  then  strained  and  the  remaining  fatty  mass  submitted  to 
hydraulic  pressure. 
