252  Pharmaceutical  Colleges  and  A  ssociations.  { AmMay?i89o.arm' 
PHARMACEUTICAL  COLLEGES  and  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. — The  past  session  was  the  first  one  cover- 
ing the  extended  term,  that  of  the  junior  class  having  been  lengthened  from 
to  5X  months,  and  the  senior  class  from  5  to  6  months.    The  junior  exami- 
nations were  held  November  9th,  December  14th  and  March  8th,  the  questions 
in  the  different  branches  being  as  follows  : 
BOTANY  AND  MATERIA  MEDICA. 
(1)  Describe  the  conditions  for  the  formation  of  a  cell.  What  are  the  con- 
tents of  a  newly-formed  cell  ?  What  is  the  original  shape  of  a  cell,  and  from 
what  influences  is  this  shape  subsequently  altered  ?  Name  and  briefly  describe 
the  appearance  of  some  of  the  cell  contents  having  a  definite  shape. 
(2)  *Give  a  full  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  you  would  write,  out  an 
intelligent  description  of  an  expanded  part  of  a  plant,  like  a  leaf.  Name  and 
explain  somejof  the  descriptive  botanical  terms  for  expanded  parts  of  plants. 
(3)  Describe  and  illustrate  by  sketches  the  following  :  Fibrovascular  bundle 
of  monocotyledonous  stems  ;  Fibrovascular  bundle  of  dicotyledonous  stems  ; 
Palisade*layer ;  Stoma. 
(4)  ^Explain  the  following  :  Acaulescent  herb  ;  Shrub;  Rhizome;  Bulb. 
Give  also  one  or  two  examples  for  each  of  the  above. 
(5)  Cloves :  Give  the  botanical  name  of  the  plant  yielding  cloves.  What  part 
of  the  plant  is  used  ?  Describe  the  officinal  article,  giving  the  characteristics  of 
calyx,  corolla,  andrcecium  and  gynaecium.  Name  the  most  important  proxi- 
mate'principles  of  the  drug  and  state  the  percentage  of  each.  Name  some 
other  drugs  obtained  from  the  same  natural  order. 
(6)  Explain  the  structure  (number  of  carpel-leaves,  placentation,  dehiscence) 
of  the  following/;7«V^,  and  give  one  or  more  examples  of  each  kind  :  Akene, 
Follicle,  Legume,  Silique.  By  what  characteristics  may  a  seed  be  distin- 
guished from  a  fruit  ? 
THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF'  PHARMACY. 
(1)  ;Describe  specific  gravity  bottles.  By  what  name  are  they  now  known? 
What  are  they  used  for  ?  How  is  a  specific  gravity  bottle  used  for  liquids  ? 
How  is'a  specific  gravity  bottle  used  for  solids  ?  Describe  and  illustrate  by  a 
drawing  a  hydrometer. 
(2)  Explain  the  difference  between  an  illuminating  gas  flame  and  one  used 
solely  for  heating  purposes.    How  may  the  former  be  converted  into  the  latter  ? 
(3)  Define  the  terms  cubic  centimetre,  gramme,  litre,  kilogramme,  milli- 
gramme and  centimetre.  Give  their  equivalents  in  apothecaries'  weight  and 
measure.  What  is  the  specific  gravity  of  a  liquid,  of  which  one  pound  avoir- 
dupois will  measure  one  pint  ? 
(4)  Define  Desiccation  as  used  in  Pharmacy,  state  its  objects  and  describe 
the  apparatus  used  in  the  process.  Define  Deliquescence  and  Efflorescence  ; 
name  two  substances  which  are  liable  to  deliquesce  or  effloresce,  and  state  how 
deliquescence  or  efflorescence  may  be  prevented. 
(5)  Describe  the  principle  of  action  of  the  process  of  percolation.  What  is 
repercolation,  and  to  what  class  of  preparations  is  it  especially  adapted  ? 
(6)  Describe  the  officinal  process  for  making  oxide  of  zinc.  What  difference 
is  there  in  the  appearance  of  the  officinal  and  commercial  oxides  ?  How  is 
ointment  of  oxide  of  zinc  made  ? 
