Am.  Jour.  Pharm.) 
June,  1890.  j 
Turpentine. 
285 
longer  leaves  of  a  darker  green  than  those  grown  in  the  interior, 
and  are  distinguished  as  pitch  pine,  longleaf  pine  and  yellow  pine. 
Turpentine  is  manufactured  in  the  following  manner : 
.  Boxes,  as  they  are  called  by  the  manufacturers,  are  cut  into  the 
trees  from  the  first  of  December  until  the  middle  of  March;  usually 
from  one  to  four  are  cut  in  each  tree  according  to  its  size.  The 
boxes  are  made  twelve  inches  above  the  ground  so  that  the  lower 
lip  is  five  inches,  and  the  arched  upper  lip  eight  to  ten  inches  above 
the  bottom  of  the  box,  extending  into  the  tree  a  short  distance  ;  they 
usually  hold  from  half  to  one  gallon.  The  tree  is  then  left  from  two 
to  three  days,  when  the  bark  is  removed  about  three  to  four  or 
sometimes  ten  feet  above  the  boxes  and  the  tree  is  scraped  or  hacked 
triangularly.  The  instrument  used  for  scraping  is  made  of  iron  the 
shape  of  the  letter  |_  with  a  ball  attached  to  the  long  arm,  the 
operator  taking  hold  just  above  the  ball,  the  weight  of  which  aids 
in  scraping. 
The  oleoresin  begins  to  run  about  the  first  of  March,  and  flows 
best  during  June,  July  and  August,  decreasing  as  cool  weather 
begins  to  approach.  The  trees  have  to  be  slightly  scraped  about 
every  ten  to  fifteen  days  to  remove  the  oleoresin  which  has  become 
solidified  preventing  the  flow. 
Boxes  are  dipped  every  eight  to  ten  days  with  a  peculiar  con- 
structed instrument  called  turpentine  dipper.  The  oleoresin  is  first 
put  in  buckets  and  then  transferred  to  barrels  on  the  wagon,  their 
heads  being  removed  until  filled,  when  they  are  wedged  on  tightly ; 
the  barrels  are  then  carried  to  the  place  of  distillation. 
A  still  made  of  copper  is  set  into  a  brick  furnace,  which  is  from 
ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  length,  five  to  six  feet  in  width  and  about  eight 
feet  in  height.  The  still  usually  holds  between  fifteen  and  twenty 
barrels  of  the  "crude."  With  the  "crude"  a  little  water  is  added, 
then  the  still  is  warmed  so  as  to  make  the  chips  and  straw  rise  to 
the  surface  to  be  skimmed  off ;  a  little  more  water  is  now  added  and 
the  top  luted  on  and  connected  with  a  large  condensing  worm  placed 
in  a  large  tank  kept  filled  with  cold  water.  When  all  the  joints 
have  been  made  tight,  heat  is  applied  strongly  ;  the  water  having 
a  lower  boiling  point  than  the  oil  begins  to  come  over  first  bringing 
over  a  small  quantity  of  oil  which  is  gradually  increased  and  is  con- 
densed and  run  into  a  barrel  previously  placed  at  the  end  of  the 
