;286 
Turpentine. 
f  Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
X       June,  1890. 
condensing  worm.  Water  has  to  be  added  during  distillation  to 
aid  the  oil  in  coming  over,  also  to  keep  the  mass  from  becoming  too 
thick  and  charring.  Some  manufacturers  distil  the  "  crude  "  with- 
out any  water  only  what  is  dipped  up  with  the  "  crude,"  but  there 
is  danger  in  burning  the  residue. 
In  the  receiving  barrel  the  oil  having  a  lighter  specific  gravity 
floats  on  top  of  the  water  and  is  dipped  off.  This  constitutes  the 
commercial  Spirits  of  Turpentine.  The  residue  in  the  still  after  all 
of  the  water  and  oil  has  stopped  coming  over,  is  resin,  which  is  run 
out  through  a  faucet  at  the  side  of  the  still,  having  three  strainers 
attached  to  it,  into  a  long  trough  communicating  with  barrels  which 
hold  between  three  and  four  hundred  pounds.  This  constitutes  the 
commercial  resin. 
The  first  exudation  of  the  tree  is  the  best  and  is  distinguished  by 
the  name  virgin  dip,  the  resin  being  of  a  light  amber  color,  trans- 
parent, brittle,  and  melting  at  75 °  C.  Resin  which  is  translucent 
contains  too  much  oil  and  is  very  brittle. 
The  color  of  resin  becomes  darker  after  each  exudation  of  the 
tree  until  it  finally  becomes  almost  black,  yielding  little  oil  and 
decreasing  in  value  a  great  deal. 
For  many  years  North  and  South  Carolina  furnished  the  above 
products ;  but  of  late  years  Georgia  and  some  of  the  Gulf  States 
have  been  yielding  a  great  deal. 
Turpentine  Oil,  C10H16>  is  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  of  an  aromatic 
odor  when  freshly  distilled,  the  specific  gravity  between  0-850  and 
0-880,  and  boiling  between  1610  and  C.  1 65 0  C.  It  mixes  with 
absolute  alcohol,  ether,  and  carbon  bisulphide  in  all  proportions,  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  slightly  soluble  in  aqueous  alcohol.  It  dis- 
solves sulphur,  phosphorus,  fixed  oils,  resins  and  many  other  organic 
compounds.  It  absorbs  chlorine  gas  with  elevation  of  temperature 
sufficient  to  produce  ignition,  provided  the  temperature  is  not  kept 
down  with  cold  water.  When  iodine  or  nitric  acid  is  brought  in 
contact  with  turpentine  oil  an  explosion  will  be  produced.  Hydro- 
chloric acid  gas  passed  into  turpentine  oil  is  absorbed  with 
elevation  of  temperature,  forming  the  compound  C^H^HCl.  The 
gas  must  be  very  dry ;  the  drying  flask  as  well  as  the  turpentine  oil 
should  be  kept  cool  (6-70  C.)  and  the  gas  should  bubble  through 
a  long  column  of  turpentine  oil.    A  crystalline  compound,  known 
