522        Botanical  Origin  of  Pharmacopmal  Drugs.  (Am jS^iS}arm- 
or  a  small  tree  not  often  7  meters  high,  with  a  trunk  0-15  to  o  20 
meter  in  diameter.  Its  habitat  is  on  rocky  hillsides,  or  more  fre- 
quently along  streams  and  rich  river  bottoms,  from  Massachusetts 
west  to  northern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska  and  eastern  Kansas, 
south  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and  northern  Missouri;  its 
greatest  development  being  reached  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes. 
The  southern  prickly  ash  is  now  called  X.  Clava-Herculis,  Linn'e. 
To  this  name  there  are  the  following  synonyms  (see  Sargent,  Forests, 
page  30) : 
X.  fraxinifolium,  Walter .  (not  Marshall);  Fagara  fraxinifolia 
Lamarck;  X.  carolinianum,  Lamarck  ;  X.  aromaticum,  Willdenow  ; 
X.  tricarpum,  Michaux ;  Kampmania  fraxinifolia,  Pseudopetalon 
glandulosum,  Ps.  tricarpum,  and  X.  Catesbianum,  the  last  four 
names  being  used  by  Rafinesque  in  his  different  writings.  The 
plant  is  popularly  known  as  toothache  tree,  prickly  ash,  tea  ash, 
pepper  wood  and  wild  orange.  According  to  Schoepf's  Materia 
Medica  Americana,  page  148,  it  was  known  here  during  the  past 
century  as  toothache  pellitory.  Its  habitat,  varieties,  etc.,  are  thus 
given  in  the  Report  on  the  Forests : 
Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  bay  Biscayne  and 
Tampa  bay,  Florida,  westward  through  the  Gulf  states  to  North- 
western Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas  (south  of  the  Arkansas  river), 
and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas.  A  small  tree  rarely  12 
to  14  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0  30  meter  in  diameter,  of  very 
rapid  growth  ;  usually  along  streams  and  low  rich  river  bottoms, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas,  Louisiana 
and  eastern  Texas. 
A  form  with  trifoliate  leaves  is  X.  macrophyllum,  Nuttall,  Sylva 
iii,  10. 
The  variety  fruticosum,  Gray  (X.  hirsutum,  Buckley),  is  a  low 
shrub  or  on  the  Texas  coast  a  small  tree  6  to  8  meters  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0-20  to  0-30  meter  in  diameter. 
Grisebach  (Flora,  British  West  Indian  Islands,  p.  1  38)  regarded 
this  species  as  being  identical  with  X.  lanceolatum,  Poiret,  and  X. 
caribseum,  Lamarck,  and  states  that  it  is  found  in  Jamaica  and  all 
the  British  West  Indian  colonies ;  also  in  Cuba,  Guadeloupe,  etc. 
De  Candolle  (Prodromus  i,  727)  regarded  X.  lanceolatum,  Poiret, 
as  a  species  distinct  from  X.  Clava-Herculis,  Lin.,  and  X.  caribaeum, 
Lamarck  (not  Gaertner),  as  identical  with  the  latter,  the  habitat 
being  the  forests  of  the  Caribbean  Islands. 
