ETHER  FORMED  BY  FERMENTATION. 
45 
715  ft),  chlorinated  lime  of  30  per  ct.,  =214.5  lb.  active 
chlorine  yielded  50  17-32  ft),  washed  chloroform  ==  23.557  per  ct. 
of  the  chlorine  ;  alcohol  used  48}  ft>- 
605  ft),  chlorinated  lime  of  32.6  per  ct.  =  197.23  lb.  chlorine 
yielded  44  13-16  ft).  =  22.721  per  ct.  of  the  chlorine;  alcohol 
used  42  3-16  ib. 
732  ft),  chlorinated  lime  of  29  per  ct.  =212.28  ft),  chlorine 
yielded  48j  ft).  =  22.729  per  ct.  of  the  chlorine  ;  alcohol  used 
40|  ib. 
The  appearance  of  chlorine  vapors,  the  author  believes  to  be 
caused  by  overheating  ;  he  has  never  met  with  them.  When 
steam  is  employed,  it  is  suggested  to  keep  the  mixture  at  a  tem- 
perature near  32°  R.  (104°  F.)  until  it  commences  to  rise  spon- 
taneously. To  pass  the  steam  directly  into  the  still  is  not 
advisable,  except  for  driving  over  the  last  portions  of  alcohol  and 
chloroform.  Alcohol  free  from  fusel  oil,  is  not  deemed  requisite, 
inasmuch  as  ordinary  crude  spirit  gave  a  product  quite  as  good. 
If  operating  with  the  above  precautions,  the  employment  of  car- 
bonate of  soda  for  washing  is  entirely  unnecessary  ;  but  a  single 
washing  with  water  is  insufficient  ;  it  is  recommended  to  repeat 
it  four  times.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  Pettenkofer's  chloro- 
form, of  which  the  specific  gravity  has  not  been  stated,  would 
lose  by  repeated  washing  at  least  6  per  ct.,  so  that  the  most 
favorable  yield  would  be  reduced  to  6.58  per  ct.  Of  2052  ft), 
chlorinated  lime  of  30-5  per  ct.,  the  author  obtained  143.6  ft).  = 
7  per  ct.  chloroform  well  washed  and  of  spec.  grav.  =  1.499. 
It  is  more  instructive  to  compare  the  yield  with  the  available 
chlorine. — (Arehiv.  d.  Pharm.  cvii.  137 — 153.)        j.  m.  m. 
ETHER  FORMED  BY  FERMENTATION, 
Leuchs  says  (Chem.  centralb.,  No.  25,  1861,)  that  raisins 
from  which  the  greater  part  of  the  sugar  has  been  extracted 
by  boiling,  made  into  balls,  laid  under  a  glass  bell,  and  kept  at 
64°  F.  form  ether,  which  is  also  produced  when  cotton  wool, 
moistened  with  a  mixture  of  sugar,  spirit  of  wine  and  water  is 
placed  under  the  same  circumstances,  and  that  ether  is  always 
found  when  these  bodies  are  at  the  same  time  present  in  porous 
bodies. 
