38o 
A  Nczv  Vegetable  Adulterant. 
f  Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
\      August,  1911, 
While  the  stalk  is  long  and  multicellular  in  the  hairs  of  both  species, 
the  glandular  head  in  the  hairs  of  Juglans  regia  appears  for  the 
most  part  to  consist  of  one  or  two  cells,  whereas  in  Juglans  cinerea 
it  is  usually  multicellular,  resembling  the  glandular  heads  of  the 
hairs  of  the  Labiates. 
In  the  parenchyma  cells  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  hull  there 
are  a  large  number  of  rosette  aggregates  or  spherites  of  crystals 
resembling  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate  (Fig.  F).  These  aggregates 
are  more  or  less  hollow,  frequently  attached  to  the  cell-wall,  some- 
times more  or  less  enclosed  by  the  cell-wall,  and  thus  resemble 
the  membrane  crystals  of  Rosanoff  (see  Kraemer's  Botany  and 
Pharmacognosy,  4th  ed.,  p.  171).  These  aggregates  dififer  from 
those  found  in  the  stem,  which  are  the  typical  rosette  aggregates 
of  calcium  oxalate,  and  are  deserving  of  special  study. 
Characteristics  of  the  Powder. — The  color  is  dark  brown  or 
blackish-brown,  the  odor  faint,  and  the  taste  distinctly  acid  and 
slightly  bitter.  The  most  characteristic  elements  of  the  powder  are 
the  stone  cells  (Fig.  G),  some  of  which  contain  only  air,  thus 
resembling  those  of  the  olive  pit,  and  some  of  which  have  a  red- 
dish-brown content.  There  occur  besides  fragments  of  the  stalks 
of  the  glandular  hairs  (Fig.  D),  fragments  of  the  non-glandular 
hairs  (Figs.  D  and  H),  small  starch  grains  (Fig.  K),  the  two 
types  of  rosette  aggregates  of  calcium  oxalate  crystals  (Figs.  F  and 
M),  and  large,  thin-walled  somewhat  shrunken  parenchyma  cells, 
many  of  which  contain  either  small  starch  grains  or  reddish-brown 
masses,  or  cells  with  rather  thick  walls  having  large  simple  pores 
and  being  more  or  less  lignified,  approaching  stone  cells.  These 
latter  sometimes  contain  the  Rosanoff  crystal  aggregates  already 
mentioned. 
When  the  hulls  of  Juglans  regia  are  treated  with  water  the 
solution  soon  shows  a  reddish-brown  color  which  becomes  much 
deeper  on  the  addition  of  aqueous  solutions  of  the  alkalies.  The 
aqueous  extract  of  black  pepper  hulls,  and  black  walnut  shells 
(endocarp)  has  a  color  similar  to  that  of  the  hulls  of  Juglans  regia 
and  behaves  similarly  toward  solutions  of  the  alkalies.  The  aqueous 
extract  of  pecan  shells  (endocarp)  is  of  bright  red  or  cherry  red 
color,  but  becomes  on  the  addition  of  alkalies  of  a  dark  reddish-brown 
color  similar  to  that  of  the  extract  of  the  hulls  of  Juglans  regia. 
Cloves  give  a  reddish-yellow  aqueous  extract  which  becomes  deep 
red  on  the  addition  of  solutions  of  the  alkalies.    The  aqueous  ex- 
