DISMEMBERMENT  OF  PHARMACY  FROM  PHYSIC. 
173 
stitute  an  acknowledged  word  in  the  public  acts  of  England  in 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century.  We  find  in  Rymer's 
Foedera,  Anno  1345,  a  grant  of  sixpence  a  day  to  "  dilectus 
Coursus  de  Gangeland  Apothecarius  Londoniae,"  "  propter  cu- 
ram  solicitam  circa  nos ;"  what  this  personal  care  of  the  apothe- 
cary was  we  are  not  told.  Yet,  in  Rymer,  1537,  we  find  John 
Soda  designated  Pharmacopolam,  showing  that  both  names  were 
in  use  in  England  at  that  time.  For  attending  the  Lady  Mary 
he  had  40  marks  a  year.  An  army  doctor  had  4d.  a  day.  Fos- 
brooke  says  that  the  apothecaries  first  appeared  in  England  in 
1345;  but  the  grant  to  Coursus  de  Gangeland  shows  that  they 
were  then  well  known  in  London.  In  the  south  of  Europe  the 
word  apothecarius  was  commonly  used,  and  aromatarius  was 
generally  laid  aside ;  and  in  1504,  a  Doctor  of  Medicine  and 
Arts  published  a  book  which  he  called  Lumen  Apothecariorum. 
About  the  middle  of  the  same  century,  during  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  a  physician  named  Bulleyn  thought  fit  to  lecture  the 
apothecaries  of  his  time  in  much  the  same  strain  as  did  Saladin 
nearly  four  centuries  before.  His  rules  for  the  life  and  conduct 
of  an  apothecary  have  been  preserved  by  Mr.  Jeafferson  ;  they 
afford  a  good  specimen  of  the  supremacy  assumed  by  physicians 
over  apothecaries  in  past  times.  The  following  are  extracts : — 
"  The  apothecary  must  not  be  suborned  for  money  to  hurt  man- 
kind ;  his  house  and  shop  must  be  cleanly ;  his  mortars,  stills, 
pots,  etc.,  must  be  clean  and  sweet ;  he  must  have  charcoal  at 
hand  to  make  decoctions  ;  he  must  have  a  clean  place  in  his  shop 
for  physic,  and  '  a  baser  place  for  the  chirurgerie  stuff;'  he  must 
i  neither  increase  nor  diminish  the  physician's  bill  (prescription), 
and  keep  it  up  for  his  own  discharge  ;  he  shall  neither  buy  nor 
sell  rotten  drugs  ;  he  shall  not  substitute  one  ingredient  for  an- 
other in  a  prescription  ;  he  shall  meddle  only  in  his  own  voca- 
tion, and  remember  that  '  his  office  is  only  to  be  the  physician  s 
cook  f  he  shall  use  true  measure  and  weight." — (A  book  about 
Doctors.) 
The  only  part  of  this,  in  the  present  day,  unnecessary  advice 
with  which  the  apothecary  does  not  comply,  is  that  important  one 
of  keeping  the  prescription  "  for  his  own  discharge."  Of  late 
years  the  physician  instructs  his  patient  to  produce  his  last  pre- 
