Am.  Jour.  Pharm, 
January,  1915. 
Development  of  the  Sugar  Industry 
15 
facture;  the  stalks  of  cane  were  brought  in  from  the  fields  on 
mules,  were  chopped  into  small  pieces  and  carried  in- baskets  to  a 
hopper,  where  they  passed  to  a  crusher  driven  by  a  water  wheel. 
The  crushed  cane  was  squeezed  in  a  screw  press  operated  by  man- 
power. The  cane  juice  was  then  evaporated  in  a  series  of  large 
kettles  over  the  open  fire;  the  thick  mass  of  crystals  which  resulted 
was  finally  poured  into  conical  moulds,  where  it  solidified  upon 
cooling.  The  loaves  of  raw  sugar  thus  obtained  were  packed  in 
bags  and  exported  for  refining. 
Very  similar  to  this  were  the  early  processes  of  sugar  manufac- 
ture in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  Fig.  2  illustrates  sugar  manufac- 
ture, as  carried  out  about  1630  in  Brazil,  when  it  was  owned  by  the 
Dutch.    In  the  distance  is  a  sugar  factory  operated  by  water  power. 
Fig.  2. — Primitive  sugar  factory,  B  azil. 
In  the  foreground  is  a  stone  mill  driven  by  man-power ;  this  is 
probably  the  oldest  form  of  cane  mill.  The  stalks  were  crushed 
between  the  heavy  stone  roller  and  the  hard  floor,  the  juice  then 
being  scooped  up  in  pans  and  evaporated  in  kettles.  The  resulting 
mass  of  crystals  was  ladled  into  pots,  which  were  then  conveyed  by 
natives  to  a  cool  place,  where  the  sugar  was  allowed  to  harden. 
Another  old  Dutch  print  of  about  the  same  time  shows  the  in- 
terior of  a  sugar  factory  operated  by  water  power  (Fig.  3).  The 
three  vertical  rollers  for  crushing  the  cane,  and  the  method  of 
transmitting  power  from  the  large  water  wheel  will  be  noticed.  In 
the  foreground  the  operations  of  evaporating  and  filling  the  sugar 
moulds  are  shown.  In  the  background  is  a  second  cane  mill  worked 
by  oxen,  this  mill  also  consisting  of  three  vertical  rollers.    In  some 
