Am'\priir"  1915 rm' }  New  Agent  in  Pulmonary  Tuberculosis.  165 
especially  antagonistic  to  the  typhoid  bacillus.  When  taken  by  a 
healthy  person,  in  moderate  doses,  it  produces  a  sense  of  warmth 
in  the  stomach,  soon  followed  by  exhilaration,  and,  if  the  amount  be 
sufficient,  giddiness  and  even  a  species  of  intoxication.  The  pulse  is 
increased  in  force  and  frequency.  Pinene  is  excreted  through  the 
lungs  and  kidneys,  and  its  irritant  action  upon  the  latter  and  upon 
the  genito-urinary  tract  is  very  decided. 
Oil  of  turpentine,  on  account  of  the  pinene  it  contains,  has 
acquired  a  reputation  as  a  haemostatic  in  passive  hemorrhage  from 
the  stomach,  intestine,  lung,  and  uterus.  It  is  often  very  efficient  in 
ulceration  of  the  bowels  when  taken  by  the  stomach,  probably  acting 
locally  in  the  intestine,  and  in  old  gastric  ulcers  good  results  are 
sometimes  derived  from  its  use.  It  is  given  internally  as  a  diffusible 
stimulant  of  especial  value  in  exhausting  fevers.  It  has  long  enjoyed 
high  repute  as  a  remedy  for  the  treatment  of  typhoid  fever,  especially 
if  diarrhoea  persists  and  relapses  occur,  indicating  unhealed  ulcera- 
tion of  Peyer's  patches.  Locally  it  is  very  useful  as  a  counterirritant 
in  pleurisy  and  bronchitis,  applied  in  the  form  of  turpentine  stupes. 
Probably  some  of  the  benefits  derived  from  turpentine  stupes  in 
pneumonia  are  due  to  inhalation  of  its  vapor. 
Standing  in  the  way  of  a  more  general  use  of  oil  of  turpentine 
as  a  remedial  agent  is  its  irritant  action  upon  the  kidneys  and  urinary 
tract.  When  its  vapor  is  inhaled  it  is  readily  absorbed,  and  instances 
are  recorded  in  which  persons  engaged  in  the  turpentine  industries 
have  experienced  renal  inflammation. 
When  the  vapor  of  pinene  is  exposed  to  a  current  of  ozonized 
air,  prepared  by  the  action  upon  dry  air  of  a  high-tension  electrical 
discharge,  an  addition  occurs  between  the  pinene  and  oxygen,  result- 
ing in  the  production  of  a  dense  white  vapor.  To  this  substance  I 
have  given  the  name  oxypinene,  a  convenient  general  term,  descrip- 
tive of  all  combinations  of  pinene  with  oxygen,  either  as  02  or  Oa. 
It  is,  however,  chemically  a  pinene  monozonide,  occurs  also  as  a 
diozonide  and  other  multiples  of  the  oxygen  atom,  and  readily  disso- 
ciates into  its  active  principles,  peroxide  of  hydrogen,  pinene 
aldehyde  and  ketone  and  pinonic  acid. 
It  possesses  the  valuable  therapeutic  properties  of  pinene  without 
its  irritating  effects  upon  the  kidneys  and  urinary  tract.  Applied  to 
the  skin  and  mucous  membranes  it  acts  as  a  mild  stimulant,  markedly 
differing  in  this  respect  from  the  powerfully  irritating  oil  of  tur- 
pentine.   The  vapor  is  respirable  for  hours  at  a  time,  and  its  use 
