398  Therapeutics  and  Chemistry  of  Oxy pineries.  \^t*mte*\lu' 
abundant  waxy  layer  which,  by  hardening,  gives  a  bluish-white  color 
to  the  fruit  surface.  The  mesophyll  cells  of  these  hairs,  as  well  as 
3  to  6  of  the  innermost  cell  layers  of  the  outer  zone,  become  loaded 
with  cell  contents  that  assume  a  uniform  red  or  reddish-green  hue 
which  even  heightens  the  bizarre  coloration  noted  above.  By  this 
time,  also,  the  cells  of  the  inner  zone  have  become  largely  thickened 
from  within  outward  by  lignified  thickening  and  the  cells  themselves, 
having  increased  greatly  in  size  and  become  markedly  sinuous  in 
outline,  assume  a  bright  red  staining  with  safranin. 
The  thickening  process  clearly  proceeds  in  centrifugal  fashion,  for 
in  mid-  or  late  July  the  inner  walls,  surrounding  the  ovarian  cavity, 
may  be  highly  lignified  and  stained  a  bright  red  hue.  while  as  yet 
the  external  cells  adjacent  to  the  outer  zone  are  little,  if  at  all,  altered 
in  shape  or  lignified.  Progressive  lignification  of  this  area  gives  rise 
by  mid-August  to  the  extremely  hard  scleroid  fruit  layers  that 
efficiently  protect  the  enclosed  seed. 
Meanwhile  steady  excretion  of  wax  takes  place  over  the  cells  of 
each  emergence,  and  these  later  have  so  grown  together  as  to  form  a 
complete  coating  around  the  fruit  wall  proper.  So  between  the 
abundant  wax  excretion  and  the  close  apposition  of  the  wax-secreting 
emergences  the  entire  surface  of  each  emergence  assumes  a  uniform 
blue-gray  color,  and  is  coated  over  by  a  rather  brittle  waxy  investment 
that  readily  crumples  to  pieces  when  slightly  pressed  between  the 
fingers.  This  investment  forms  an  admirable  defensive  covering 
alike  against  intense  insulation,  the  attack  of  fungoid  spores,  and  the 
destructive  action  of  caterpillars  and  other  animal  enemies. 
New  and  more  exact  taxonomic  descriptions  than  have  hitherto 
been  submitted  by  authors  are  presented,  and,  in  particular,  the  diag- 
nostic characters  of  M.  cerifera,  M.  Caroliniensis,  and  their  hybrid 
have  been  fully  elucidated. 
SOME  HISTORICAL  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES  ON 
THE  THERAPEUTICS  AND  CHEMISTRY  OF 
THE  OXYPINENES. 
By  J.  Emile  Blomen,  A.M.,  Ph.D. 
Since  my  article  on  the  oxypinenes  appeared  in  the  May  number 
of  this  Journal  I  have  received  numerous  inquiries  regarding  the 
chemistry  of  the  pinene-ozonide  in  particular  and  other  oxypinenes 
