A^ptemberPi9iT"}  Therapeutics  and  Chemistry  of  Oxypinenes.  399 
in  general.  This  must  be  my  excuse  for  again  touching  on  their  chem- 
istry in  an  article  which  I  had  promised  should  deal  only  with  the 
therapeutical  history  of  the  oxypinenes. 
Of  all  oxypinenes — by  which  term  are  understood  all  pinene  com- 
pounds containing  oxygen  in  some  form  or  other— the  ozonide  is 
undoubtedly  the  most  interesting,  since  from  this  form  are  developed 
the  peroxides,  aldehydes,  ketones,  and  acids  of  pinene.  Whenever 
oxidation  or  oxidation  products  of  organic  substances  of  ozone  and 
its  chemistry  is  mentioned,  our  mind  reverts  to  the  great  chemist 
Schoenbein,  the  discoverer  of  this  puzzling  allotropic  modification 
of  the  element  oxygen,  without  which  life  could  not  be  sustained. 
Christian  Friederich  Schoenbein  was  born  in  Metzingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  October  18,  1799;  studied  chemistry  under  the  most 
celebrated  chemists  of  his  time,  and  became  professor  of  chemistry 
in  Basel,  where  he  proved  himself  one  of  the  most  industrious  and 
resourceful  chemists  of  his  age.  He  has  written  not  less  than  337 
scientific  treatises.  Besides  his  discovery  of  ozone,  his  invention  of 
gun  cotton  is  best  known.  This  later  eventually  became  the  basis  for 
the  photographic  film,  the  celluloid,  the  artificial  leather  and  silk,  and 
the  smokeless  powder  industries.  He  died  in  Wildbad,  August  29, 
1868. 
In  1839,  while  investigating  the  relations  between  electrical  and 
-chemical  forces,  following  the  lead  of  the  great  Swedish  chemist 
Jons  Jacob  Berzelius  in  this  line,  Schoenbein  discovered  a  new  modi- 
fication of  oxygen,  to  which  he  gave  a  distinct  name,  "  ozone  " — the 
word  being  derived  from  the  Greek  o$w3  "I  smell,"  thereby  indicating 
one  of  its  most  notable  characteristics,  which  is  that,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  ordinary  oxygen,  which  is  perfectly  odorless,  it  has  a  very 
strong  and  peculiar  odor.  (For  a  full  account  of  Schoenbein's  dis- 
covery see  Smithsonian  Institution's  Report,  p.  166,  1864.) 
Schoenbein's  work  was  received  with  little  favor  by  the  scientific 
world,  but  he  was  not  dismayed,  and  he  contined  his  experiments 
for  almost  thirty  years.  The  results  of  his  labors  can  be  found  in 
Comptes  rendus  .  .  .  de  VAcademie  des  Science,  Paris,  for  1840-69. 
Before  considering  the  action  on  animal  tissues  of  the  two 
strongest  oxidizers  known,  ozone  and  peroxide  of  hydrogen,  and 
particularly  of  the  most  important  of  the  oxy-pro ducts  of  pinene — 
the  ozonide  of  pinene — it  will  be  necessary  to  mention  Schoenbein's 
work  on  them  at  some  length. 
Schoenbein  found  that  if  a  few  drops  of  acetate  of  lead  are 
