Am.  Jour.  Phaim. 
November,  1915. 
}     Pharmacy  and  Medicine  in  Egypt.  511 
Oxford  ( 1778),  and  used  as  late  as  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
"  Abulcasis  de  Chirurgia  Arabics  et  Latine  cura  Johannis  Channing." 
Arabian  Hospitals. — The  Arabs  built  hospitals  all  over  the 
Arabian  colonies.  One  of  the  greatest  was  the  hospital  of  "  El 
Mansur  "  of  Cairo.  It  was  a  huge  building,  quadrangular  in  struc- 
ture, with  fountains  playing  in  the  surrounding  gardens.  It  had 
separate  wards  for  different  diseases  and  separate  buildings  for  epi- 
demics, bath-rooms,  diet  kitchens,  and  balconies  for  recreation.  It 
employed  male  and  female  nurses.  The  hospital  had  an  income  of 
about  $650,000  a  year.  From  that  sum  it  gave  a  suitable  sum  to  each 
convalescent  on  his  departure  so  that  he  or  she  might  not  have  to 
go  to  work  before  complete  recovery.  The  patients  were  taken  care 
of  and  they  were  nourished  upon  rich  diet  and  attractive  food.  The 
sleepless  patients  were  provided  with  soft  music  and  a  companion 
for  entertaining  them.  The  number  of  patients  was  estimated  at 
about  five  thousand,  including  those  who  came  daily  to  the  hospital 
clinic  (dispensary).  The  operating  rooms  were  well  equipped; 
there  were  consulting  rooms,  and  the  sitting  parlors  were  magnifi- 
cently furnished.  The  pharmacists',  nurses',  and  physicians'  homes 
and  other  buildings  relating  to  the  establishment  were  all  within  the 
compass  of  the  hospital. 
Modern  Period. — Egypt,  with  a  population  of  about  15,000,000, 
contains  only  about  1500  pharmacies—few,  indeed,  in  comparison  with 
the  apothecaries  and  drug  stores  of  Philadelphia,  which  are  roughly 
estimated  about  ten  times  the  proportion.  A  large  number  of  the 
establishments  in  Egypt  are  conducted  by  foreign  pharmacists,  the 
majority  of  whom  have  graduated  from  recognized  pharmacy  schools 
of  Europe,  but  the  remainder  are  not  graduated  at  all,  being  only 
practical  pharmacists  from  foreign  countries  who  have  received  their 
diplomas  either  by  buying  or  inheriting  them.  The  regulation  con- 
trolling the  right  to  practise  in  Egypt  some  time  ago  was  only  a 
man's  identification  and  the  recommendation  of  his  Consul,  which 
was  required  by  international  law.  There  are  many  Italians,  Greeks, 
Roumanians,  etc.,  in  Egypt,  and  many  of  them  are  nothing  but  smug- 
glers, making  money  by  selling  narcotics,  poisons,  and  habit-forming 
drugs,  and  violating  the  laws  under  the  forged  name  of  a  pharmacist. 
The  government,  ten  years  ago,  recognizing  this  fact,  and,  in  view  of 
the  dangerous  effect  of  illegal  practice,  passed  the  following  regu- 
lations : 
A  pharmacist  or  physician  wishing  to  practise  in  Egypt  should  be 
