4 04  Medicina I  Plants  of  the  Rutacew.     { A^eJp°tUR1)  fSg* 
not  it  is  used  in  medicine,  but  a  good  ink  is  said  to  be  prepared  from 
the  bark.  Esenbechia  febrifuga,  Mart.,  or  Evodia  febrifuga,  St.  Hil., 
a  native  of  the  forests  of  Brazil,  is  remarkable  for  its  extremely  bitter 
bark,  which  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge ;  while  Toddalia  aculeata, 
Pers.,  a  moderate-sized  shrub,  widely  dispersed  through  Tropical 
Asia,  has  considerable  reputation  as  a  stomachic  and  febrifuge,  all 
parts  of  the  plant  being  used.  In  India  the  bark  of  the  root  is  offici- 
nal, and  is  used  as  an  aromatic  tonic  and  stimulant  "  in  constitutional 
debility  and  in  convalescence  after  febrile  and  other  exhausting  dis- 
eases." It  is  given  in  the  forms  both  of  tincture  and  infusion- 
The  following  notes  on  the  value  of  Toddalia  root-bark  are  from  the 
"Appendix  to  the  Indian  Pharmacopoeia:"  "Strong  testimony  to 
the  value  of  Toddalia  root  is  borne  by  Dr.  G.  Bidie,  who  states  that 
though  he  has  not  employed  it  as  a  febrifuge,  he  can  speak  with  con- 
fidence as  to  its  great  value  as  a  stimulant  and  tonic.  Every  part  of 
the  plant,  he  remarks,  has  a  pungent,  bitter  taste  and  a  pleasant 
aroma,  but  these  qualities  are  most  marked  in  the  root.  The  dried 
root-bark  is  of  a  yellowish -brown  color,  and  retains  its  pungency  and 
bitterness  for  a  long  time.  The  whole  plant  possesses  active  stimu- 
lant, carminative  and  tonic  properties  ;  and  he  adds  that  he  knows 
of  no  single  remedy  in  which  all  these  three  qualities  are  so  happily 
combined.  This  article  possesses  additional  interest  from  having 
been  identified  by  M.  Guibourt  with  Lopez  root,  which  formerly  en- 
joyed considerable  repute  in  Europe  as  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea.  Mr. 
Daniel  Hanbury,  from  examination  of  genuine  specimens  of  the  root, 
confirms  M.  Guibourt's  views."  The  natives  also  prepare  a  liniment 
by  frying  the  root  and  green  fruits  in  oil,  which  they  consider  good 
for  rheumatism.  The  fresh  leaves  are  likewise  eaten  raw  in  stomach 
complaints,  and  the  ripe  pungent  berries  make  capital  pickles.  The 
bark,  root  and  leaves  of  Murraya  Konigii,  L.,  a  small  East  In- 
dian tree,  are  used  in  native  practice  as  a  tonic  and  stomachic  :  the 
voung  leaves  of  this  species,  as  well  as  those  of  M.  exotica,  L.,  are 
used  to  flavor  curries.  In  Mauritius  the  latter  are  said  to  impart  a. 
flavor  superior  to  that  of  bay-leaf,  while  in  India  they  further  have 
the  reputation  of  aiding  digestion. 
The  wood-apple  tree,  or  elephant  apple  of  India,  Feronia  elephan- 
tum,  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus,  and  is  common  in  India,  Ceylon 
and  Java.  The  fruit  is  hard  and  woody,  globose,  about  the  size  of  a 
large  orange  ;  the  pulp  is  used  in  India  in  cases  of  dysentery  and 
