Am.  J  our.  Plaarm.  "I 
November,  1898.  / 
Pozudered  Vegetable  Drugs. 
567 
spinosa  (see  No.  3);  tissues  of  sassafras  (see  No.  313),  sanguinaria 
(see  No.  222),  white  pine  bark  and  balm  of  gilead  buds. 
286.  Ulmus. — Hexagonal  or  coffin-shaped  crystals  8  x  25  jx\ 
starch  5-7  //,;  groups  of  bast  fibres  and  characteristic  large  muci- 
lage cells. 
287.  Viburnum  Opulus. — Crystals  cubical  (2x2  or  broadly 
prismatic  (10  x  20  /jl)  in  crystal  fibres.  More  sklerenchyma  fibres 
in  V.  Opulus  than  in  V.  prunifolium.    (See  No.  265.) 
288.  Viburnum  prunifolium. — See  No.  265. 
289.  Xanthoxylum. — Tetragonal  crystals  10x25  p;  starch  4- 10 
/x;  large  colorless  secretion  reservoirs;  reddish  cork ;  acicular  crys- 
tals separate  in  glycerin  mounts ;  apparently  no  bast  or  stone  cells 
as  in  X.fraxineum.    (See  Mceller.) 
y.  Raphides  {or  needle- shaped  crystals}  of  calcium  oxalate. 
290.  Cacao. — Acicular  crystals  of  theobromine  and  fat.   (See  No, 
5450 
291.  Calamus. — Acicular  crystals  in  glycerin  mount.  (See  No. 
268.) 
292.  Cinnamon. — Raphides  of  calcium  oxalate  ;  stone  cells  ;  bast 
fibres ;  starch  grains.  The  different  cinnamons  are  distinguished 
in  powder  in  that  the  Ceylon  has  little  or  no  cork ;  Cassia  has  more 
lignified  cells  than  Saigon ;  Saigon  is  more  aromatic  and  pungent. 
The  mounts  of  Ceylon  cinnamon  are  lighter  in  appearance  than 
those  of  either  of  the  others.  Regarding  other  characteristics  the 
following  may  be  of  some  service  in  distinguishing  these  barks ; 
Cassia  has,  on  an  average,  starch  grains  7  /jl  diameters ;  stone  cells 
60  /x  wide;  bast  fibres  700  /jl  long;  Ceylon  has  starch  grains  3-7  /jl 
diameter  ;  stone  cells  70  /jl  wide  ;  bast  fibres  60-100  /jl  long  ;  Saigon 
has  starch  grains  10  /jl  diameter;  stone  cells  85  /jl  wide;  bast  fibres 
750  /x  long. 
293.  Hydrangea  arborescens. — Needles  200  ^  long  ;  starch  4-1 5 
a ;  numerous  sklerenchyma  fibres. 
294.  Ipecac. — Acicular  crystals  20-40  a  long  ;  starch  in  single 
and  2-3  compound  grains;  tracheids,  but  no  true  ducts.  Starch 
grains  of  Rio  Ipecac  on  average  4-7  /jl,  may  be  14  ju;  that  of  Car- 
thagena  varies  from  4--15  /x,  the  grains  being  uniformly  larger. 
Richardsonia  has  true  ducts. 
295.  Pirtv.  Aromaticus. — Tissues  and  cell-contents  of  Cinnamon 
(see  No.  292)  and  Ginger  (see  No.  212)  predominating  ;  also  Car- 
damom (see  No.  23)  and  Nutmeg  (see  Xo.  496). 
