XvimbefS-}         Powdered  Vegetable  Drugs.  569 
308.  Cubeba. — Starch  1-4  /jl  in  diameter;  occurring  also  in  aggre- 
gated masses  ;  stone-cells  (50  x  50  /jl),  those  of  endocarp  twice  as 
long  as  wide;  sklerenchyma  fibres;  needle-shaped  crystals  (cubebin) 
occur  in  stalk  ;  much  oil  in  numerous  oil  secretion  reservoirs. 
309.  Cinnamon.— Crystals  may  not  be  observed.    (See  No.  292.) 
310.  Piper  nigrum. — See  No.  100. 
311.  Sabina. — Starch  4  /jl  ;  characteristic  hypodermis  consisting 
of  long  fibres  (15  /jl  wide)  associated  with  epidermis. 
312.  Sanguinaria. — Starch  grains  single  (4-8  /jl),  seldom  2-4. 
compound  ;  orange  and  reddish-colored  secretion  cells  ;  mounts  in 
glycerin  are  apt  to  contain  sphere  crystals. 
313.  Sassafras. — Starch  grains  single  and  1-3-compound  (7-20  /jl 
diameter)  ;  bast  fibres  455  /jl  long  x  20-30  /jl  wide,  being  .spindle- 
shaped  much  as  in  Cinchona  ;  yellowish  and  purplish-yellow  frag- 
ments containing  tannin  ;  oil-cells.  ^ 
314.  Stillingia. — Crystals  may  not  be  numerous.    See  No.  262. 
315.  Sumbul. — See  No.  125. 
316.  Syr.  Trifolii  Comp. — See  No.  263. 
317.  Valeriana. — Starch  in  single  (7  \x)ox  2-3-compound  grains; 
oil  in  cells  near  hypodermis  ;  peculiar  cork  ;  root  hairs  ;  sometimes 
in  cells  of  epidermis  or  near  them  crystals  (Valerianic  acid  salt) 
occur. 
318.  Zingiber  [African). — Crystals  likely  to  be  overlooked.  Dis- 
tinguished from  Jamaica  ginger  by  possessing  more  numerous  oil 
and  resin  cells  and  cork  cells. 
/3.    Sklerenchyma  as  stone  cells  or  fibres. 
319.  Aconiti  Radix. — Starch  in  single  (4-12  /jl)  and  compound 
grains,  much  resembling  Colchici  Cormis;  tabular  stone  cells;  ducts; 
reddish-brown  endodermis  ;  taste  characteristic. 
320.  Apocyniun. — Starch  ;  sklerenchyma  and  laticiferous  vessels  ; 
ducts  with  bordered  pores.  In  A.  album  starch  4- 10  /jl  ;  stone  cells 
35  x  70  to  50  x  70  /jl,  with  few  large  pores  ;  bast  fibres  may  not  react 
readily,  if  at  all,  with  phloroglucin  ;  wood  fibres  react  with  phloro- 
glucin  ;  thick  cork.  In  A.  androsczmifolium  starch  4-20  /jl  ;  stone 
cells  13  x  10  /x,  possessing  numerous  fine  pores;  bast  fibres  may 
be  absent;  when  present,  behave  towards  phloroglucin  like  A.  album. 
In  A.  Cannabinum  do  not  find  stone  cells  or  bast  fibres;  wood 
fibres  are  affected  by  phloroglucin;  starch  grains  7  x  15  to  10  x  10 
p.,  being  larger  than  the  other  two ;   more  numerous  yellowish  or 
