6i8 
Powdered  Vegetable  Drugs. 
( Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
\  December,  1898. 
540.  Strophanthus. — Starch  grains  might  be  overlooked  as  small 
grains  and  in  small  amount.    See  No.  530. 
541.  Tea. — Characteristic  stone  cells  (idioblasts) ;  numerous  long, 
non-secreting  hairs  (10  wide);  rosette-shaped  crystals  of  calcium 
oxalate  (10  fi) ;  characteristic  stomata  (28  x  28  to  30  x  35  p),  with 
4  or  5  "  Nebenzellen  "  ;  adulterants  are  distinguished  by  possessing 
chiefly  other  forms  of  calcium  oxalate  crystals  and  hairs.  (See 
also  Mceller.) 
Sklerenchyma  cells  {i.  e.,  stone  cells). 
542.  Amygdala  Amara  and  \  Characteristic  lignified  yellow  epi- 
543.  Amygdala  Dtdcis.  j  dermal  cells  (70  x  65  fi),  the  walls 
of  which  are  4  /jl  thick  and  possess  simple  pores  ;  endosperm  layer 
15x15//,;  crystals,  may  be  rosette-shaped  or  cubical,  about  7x7^ 
and  occur  near  the  ducts;  or  there  may  be  acicular  crystals,  40  p 
long.  Bitter  almond  distinguished  by  putting  a  few  fragments  in 
cold  water  for  some  hours,  when  odor  of  HCN  develops ;  or  take 
solution  and  add  (NH4)2S,  evaporate  in  a  porcelain  dish  nearly  to 
dryness,  and  add  Fe2Cl6  =  a  deep  blood-red  color. 
544.  Black  Mustard  Hulls. — Consist  chiefly  of  characteristic 
fragments  of  seed  coat. 
545.  Cocoa. — Consists  chiefly  of  protein  grains  and  oil;  starch 
grains  4-8  fi ;  fragments  with  brownish  contents  (cacao  red) ;  fat 
crystals  in  little  prisms  or  needles;  few  fragments  of  seed  coat,  con- 
sisting of  hexagonal  epidermal  cells,  a  peculiar  mucilage  layer  of 
small  tabular  cells  and  a  layer  of  nearly  isodiametric  stone  cells 
(10  x  10  n),  whose  walls  are  4  \x  thick. 
546.  Cocoa  Shells. —  Chiefly  of  fragments  of  seed  coat.  See  No. 
545- 
547.  Cocadus. — Characteristic  reddish-brown  pericarp  with  elon- 
gated stone  cells  of  varying  shape,  but  walls  about  7  /x  thick ;  crys- 
tals either  needle-shaped  (single  or  in  groups  about  35  /jl  long)  or 
prismatic  (10  x  100  a  long),  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  not  in  acids. 
548.  Coffee. — Characteristic  fragments  of  seed  coat,  consisting  of 
altered  parenchyma  and  spindle-shaped  stone  cells  (35  /jl  wide  and 
175-200  /x  long);  most  cells  are  those  of  endosperm,  with  thick 
(10  fi)  porous  brownish-colored  walls,  the  contents  are  oil,  aleuron 
and  starch.  In  commerce  coffee  generally  either  "  straight  "  or 
artificial.    Latter  consists  of  cereals,  chicory,  etc. 
549-  Colocynthis. — Stone  cells  of  fruit,  70  x  50  /x,  the  walls  of 
