4  London  Botanic  Gardens.  {^"m^JSS"1" 
black  snakeroot ;  the  bitter  tonic  goldthread  (Coplis  trifolia,  Saiisb. ),  contain- 
ing berberine  ;  Delphinium  Consolida.,  L.,  yielding  acrid  seeds,  and  the  better- 
known  D.  Staphisagria,  D.,  the  source  of  stavesacre  seeds  of  commerce; 
Helleborus  niger,  Iv.,  the  black  hellebore  or  Christmas  Rose  ;  Hydrastis  Cana- 
densis, L.,  or  golden  seal  ;  Nigella  Damascena,  h.,  and  Nigella  saliva,  h., 
with  acrid  seeds  now  rarely  used  ;  Ranunculus  Ficaria,  h.,  the  pile  wort,  whose 
roots  were  used  by  the  old  herbalists  to  cure  hemorrhoids  by  signature. 
Papaverace.E. — Chelidonium  majus,  L,.,  celandine,  upon  which  a  consider- 
able amount  of  work  has  been  done  of  recent  years  by  American  pharmacists  ; 
Papaver  Rhceas,  L.,  the  red  poppy,  and  P.  somniferum,  L.,  the  opium  poppy  ; 
and  Sanguinaria  Canadensis,       the  North  American  bloodroot. 
UmbeUvIFER^E- — Many  of  these  are  more  especially  known  to  pharmacists 
on  account  of  their  fruits,  and  others  by  reason  of  the  gum-resins  which  they 
yield.  The  following  from  among  the  former  are  grown  at  Kew  :  Apium 
graveolens,  L.,  celery;  Archangelica  officinalis,  L.,  or  "  Angelique  officinale'''' ; 
Carum  Carvi,  Iv.,  caraway,  and  C.  Petroselinum,  Benth.  et  Hook,  f.,  parsley  ; 
Conium  maculatum,  Iv.,  hemlock;  Coriandrum  sativum,  I,.,  coriander;  Cumi- 
num  Cyminum,  L. ,  cummin  ;  CEnanthe  Phellandrium,  Lam.,  the  "  Phellandrie 
aquaiique^  of  the  French  Codex;  Peucedanum  graveolens,  Benth.,  dill  ;  and 
Pimpinella  Anisum,  L.,  or  anise.  The  umbelliferous  plants  yielding  resins 
or  gum-resins  are  represented  by  Dorema  Ammoniacum,  D.  Don.,  the  plant 
from  which  ammoniacum  is  obtained  ;  Ferula  Asafcetida,  Iv.,  and  Ferula 
Narthex,  Boiss.,  the  sources  of  gum  asafetida  ;  Ferula  Galbaniflua,  Boiss.  & 
Buhse,  the  Galbanum  Plant  ;  Opoponax  Chironium,  Koch.,  supposed  to  yield 
the  almost  obsolete  drug,  opoponax  ;  and  Thapsia  Garganica,  L.,  from  which 
"  Resine  de  Thapsia  "  is  extracted.  With  the  exception  of  Hydrocotyle 
Asiatica,  L.,  of  which  the  whole  plant  is  used,  and  of  hemlock  leaves,  the 
other  drugs  derived  from  this  natural  order  are  roots,  including  one  rhizome  ; 
the  plants  yielding  them  are  :  Daucus  Carola,  Iv.,  carrot,  the  root-pulp  of  which 
is  used  as  an  application  for  scalds  and  burns  ;  Ferula  Sumbul,  Hook.  f.  ; 
Laserpitium  latifolium,  L.,  or  white  gentian  ;  Levisticum  officinale,  Koch.,  or 
lovage  ;  and  Peucedanum  ostruthium,  Koch., [the  source  of  "  Rhizome  d'/m- 
peratoire.'n 
Composite. — Achillea  Millefolium,  L.,  the  yarrow  of  herbalists  ;  Anacyclus 
Pyrethrum,  DC,  pellitory  ;  Anthemis  nobilis,  Iv.,  chamomile,  and  the  closely 
related  A.  Cotula,  L.,  or  Mayweed  ;  Arnica  montana,  Iv.,  whose  rhizomes  and 
flowers  are  both  used  ;  Artemisia  Absinthium,  Iv.,  "  Absinthe  "  or  wormwood, 
and  A.  maritima,  Iv.,  of  which  the  variety  Stechmanniana  yields  the  santonica 
or  "  Wormseed  "  of  commerce  ;  Calendula  officinalis,  I,.,  marigold,  and  Car- 
thamus  tinctorius,  Iv.,  safflower,  whose  florets  contain  coloring  matter  and  have 
been  used  to  adulterate  saffron  ;  Chrysanthemum  carneum,  Steud.,  one  of.  the 
sources  of  Persian  insect  flowers,  and  C.  Parthenium,  Bernh.,  or  feverfew,  a 
substitute  of  chamomile  ;  Cnicus  benedictus,  L.  (Carbenia  benedicta,  Adans.), 
the  Blessed  Thistle  ;  Cichorium  Intybus,  L.,  chicory  ;  Erigeron  Canadensis, 
Iv.,  and  Erigeron  Phi  lade  Iphicus,  Iv.,  both  known  in  the  United  States  as  flea- 
bane  or  scabious  ;  Eupatorium  perfoliatum,  Iv.,  boneset ;  Helenium  autumnale% 
Iv.,  or  sneezewort ;  Grindelia  squarrosa,  Dunal  ;  Inula  Helenium,  L.,  elecam- 
pane ;  Lactuca  virosa,  Iv.,  the  source  of  lactucarium,  and  one  of  the  few  com- 
posites in  which  a  well-defined  alkaloid  (hyoscyamine)  has  been  found  ;  Senecio 
