Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  ) 
Aug.  1,  1871.  J 
Pharmacy  in  Pt-ussia.  etc. 
341 
the  lectures  and  his  diligence.  The  pharmacist  has  to  produce  the 
lecture  tickets  on  general,  pharmaceutical  and  analytical  chemistry, 
on  botany,  pharmaceutical  botany,  materia  medica,  natural  philoso- 
phy, and  on  the  practical  course  in  the  university  laboratory.  Besides 
these  special  branches,  the  pharmacists,  together  with  the  other  stu- 
dents, attend,  according  to  their  inclination,  the  public  lectures 
(publica)  on  sciences  or  branches  that  are  of  general  interest,  or  deliv- 
ered by  ardent,  animating  professors.  These  lectures,  the  attendants 
of  which  belong  to  all  the  different  faculties,  are,  particularly  at  the 
large  universities  of  Berlin,  Bonn,  Leipsic,  Munich,  Breslau,  Heidel- 
berg, Goettingen,  &c.,  very  largely  patronized  and  full  of  interest, 
from  the  themes  as  well  as  the  lecturers. 
The  application  for  entering  the  university  and  for  admission  to  the 
state  examination,  is  made  to  the  director  of  pharmaceutical  studies, 
who,  at  most  of  the  universities,  is  one  of  the  professors. 
The  state  examination — a  term  applied  in  Prussia  to  the  last  and 
most  extensive  professional  examination — is  held  by  boards  appointed 
by  the  Ministry  of  Ecclesiastic,  Educational  and  Medical  Affairs. 
Until  1855  this  examination  had  to  be  made  by  physicians  and  phar- 
macists, in  Berlin,  before  the  medical  examining  board  (Oberexami- 
nations-Commission). 
Since  that  time,  however,  every  province  has  been  provided  with 
such  a  board,  composed,  by  appointment  by  said  Minister  of  the  me- 
dical and  pharmaceutical  councillors  of  the  regency,  of  professors  of 
the  university  located  in  the  province,  of  physicians  and  apothecaries. 
The  examination  consists  of  the  tentamen,  the  course,  and  the  final 
examination.  Those  only  having  passed  the  first  two  are  admitted  to 
the  final  ordeal. 
In  the  tentamen  the  candidate  must  answer  in  writing  and  in  clau- 
sure,  under  the  supervision  of  one  or  more  of  the  examiners,  a  num- 
ber of  questions  on  chemistry,  practical  pharmacy,  botany  and  materia 
medica.  If  his  answers  are  satisfactory,  he  receives  some  chemical 
subject  for  a  thesis,  to  complete  which  he  is  allowed  several  months' 
time,  and  every  facility  of  literary  auxiliaries  and  references,  all  of 
which  have  to  be  cited.  These  essays  are  often  complete  monographs, 
and  evidence  the  author's  acquaintance  with  the  pharmaceutical  and 
collateral  literature  as  well  as  his  literary  qualification. 
Meanwhile  the  candidate  is  admitted  to  the  most  comprehensive 
part,  the  course  examination,  consisting  in  a  series  of  practical  writ- 
