Am7u°iyy"iS)5frm'}     Study  of  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Colors.  307 
Sajfloiver. — Dyes  wool  bright  yellow  on  first  dyeing.  Ammonia 
changes  to  brown.    Second  dyeing  very  much  lighter. 
Saffron. — Dyes  wool  bright  yellow  on  first  dyeing.  Ammonia 
produces  no  change.    Second  dyeing  very  much  lighter. 
Turmeric. — Dyes  wool  bright  yellow  on  first  dyeing.  Ammonia 
changes  to  reddish  brown.    Second  dyeing  very  much  lighter. 
Coal  Tar  Color  (7). — Dyes  wool  bright  red  on  first  dyeing. 
Ammonia  produces  no  change.  Second  dyeing  practically  the  same 
as  the  first. 
Coal  Tar  Color  (2). — Same  as  (1). 
Coal  Tar  Color  ( j). — Same  as  (1). 
Coal  Tar  Color  (^). — Dyes  wool  orange  yellow  on  first  dyeing* 
No  change  produced  by  ammonia.  Second  dyeing  as  bright  as  the 
first.    HC1  produces  deep  red  color  on  dyed  wool. 
It  will  be  seen  upon  looking  over  the  foregoing  results,  that  in 
none  of  the  cases  of  pure  fruit  colors  could  results  be  obtained  by  a 
second  dyeing  test,  and  in  most  cases  but  a  faint  pink  color,  usually 
a  dirty  or  muddy  pink,  was  obtained  in  the  first  dyeing.  The  appli- 
cation of  ammonium  hydroxide  solution  to  the  wool  faintly  colored 
by  the  pure  fruits  produced  a  faint  greenish  tint  in  every  case  but 
that  of  strawberry,  where  no  change  was  observable. 
The  other  vegetable  colors  were  not  uniform  in  this  respect. 
Some  of  them  dyed  the  wool  a  pronounced  characteristic  shade  on 
the  first  dyeing,  but  with  the  exception  of  cudbear  none  of  them 
produced  any  appreciable  results  upon  the  second  dyeing. 
In  all  of  these  cases  the  application  of  ammonium  hydroxide  solu- 
tion to  the  reddened  wool  produced  a  characteristic  change  to  pur- 
ple, which  affords  a  certain  means  of  distinguishing  these  colors 
from  the  coal-tar  colors  with  which  they  might  be  confused. 
The  yellow  colors,  such  as  safflower,  saffron,  turmeric,  etc.,  exhib- 
ited no  uniformity  whatever.  It  will  be  observed  that  Brazilwood 
dyes  wool  a  faint  yellow  shade  upon  the  first  dyeing,  which  might 
be  mistaken  for  one  of  the  other  vegetable  yellows,  but  the  appli- 
cation of  the  ammonium  hydroxide  solution  to  the  Brazilwood  dyed 
piece  of  wool  produces  a  characteristic  change  to  rose-purple,  while 
in  the  other  cases  there  is  either  no  change  at  all,  or,  at  most,  a 
slight  darkening. 
The  synthetic  colors  will  be  observed  to  have  dyed  with  as  much 
intensity  upon  the  second  dyeing  as  upon  the  first,  and  no  change 
