606  The  most  important  Vegetable  Waxes.  {Am'^r,\&^m' 
Armstrong  says,  appears  to  be  formed  very  readily  from  terpenes  and 
allied  bodies.  He  has  found  it  in  the  so-called  "rosin  oil"  distilled 
from  colophony  resin,  and  in  the  products  of  the  action  of  sulphuric 
acid  upon  terpenes,  as  studied  by  Tilden  and  himself. — Ibid.,  pp.  1756- 
176.. 
Analytical  Chemistry. —  On  the  direct  Separation  of  Manganese  from 
Iron. — In  analyses  of  steel,  cast  iron  and  other  products,  the  iron  had 
always  to  be  separated  out  first,  and  the  after  determination  of  the 
manganese  was  frequently  made  a  difficult  matter  thereby.  Beilstein 
and  Jawein  have  proposed  two  methods  for  the  ready  determination  of 
manganese  in  such  cases.  The  first  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  iodine 
precipitates  from  a  solution  of  double  cyanide  of  manganese  and  potas- 
sium all  the  manganese  as  brown  oxide,  while  iodine  gives  no  precipi- 
tate with  the  corresponding  double  cyanide  of  iron  and  potassium  solu- 
tion. The  second  method  is  based  upon  the  fact  discovered  by  the 
authors  that,  on  boiling  with  concentrated  nitric  acid  and  potassium 
chlorate,  all  the  manganese  of  manganese  salts  is  precipitated  as  man- 
ganese dioxide.  The  analyses  quoted  show  both  to  be  excellent  methods, 
the  latter,  especially,  commends  itself  by  its  simplicity. — Ibid.,  p.  1528. 
THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  VEGETABLE  WAXES. 
By  A.  Meyer. 
(Translated  and  condensed  from  "Arcbiv  d.  Pharm.,"  Aug.,  1879,  p.  97  to  I29>  Dy 
Louis  von  Cotzhausen,  Ph.G.) 
Carnauba  Wax  (Ceara  or  Brazil  Wax),  obtained  from  the  leaves  of 
Copernicia  cerifera,  Martius,  comes  from  Brazil,  is  hard  and  brittle, 
and  melts  at  83'5°C.  to  84°C. 
Pela  Wax  {Chinese  Wax)  is  separated  in  China  by  the  influence  of 
Coccus  pela,  Westiuood,  on  the  young  branches  of  Fraxinus  chinensis, 
Roxburgh,  melts  at  82'5°C,  and  was  never  introduced  into  Europe. 
Koga  Wax,  probably  the  wax  obtained  in  Japan  from  Cinnamomum 
pedunculatum,  is  softer  than  Japan  wax,  and  was  never  introduced  into 
Europe. 
Ibota  Wax  is  produced  on  Ligustrum  ibota  by  an  insect,  is  white, 
very  solid  and  was  also  never  introduced  into  Europe. 
Chinese  Vegetable  Tallow  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Stillingia  sebi- 
