^™  April;  SJ"^"^'}    Phurmaceutical  Colleges  and  Associations.  205 
3.  — Explain  the  nature  of  a  closed  and  of  an  open  fibrovasculai  bundle.  De- 
scribe the  arrangement  of  fibrovascular  tissue  in  stem's  of  monocotyledons  and 
of  dicotyledons.  Name  some  officinal  overground  or  underground  stems  of 
monocotyledonous  and  of  dicotyledonous  plants. 
4.  — Describe  and  illustrate  by  diagrams  the  formation  of  a  one-celled  ovary 
from  one  carpelleaf ;  of  a  one-celled  ovary  from  two  or  more  carpelleaves ;  and  of 
a  several-celled  ovary, — indicating  in  each  case  the  position  of  the  placenta. 
Name  some  officinal  flowers  or  flower-buds  having  one-celled  ovaries,  and  oth- 
ers with  a  several-celled  ovary. 
5.  — Describe  the  following  officinal  flowers:  Chamomile,  German  Chamomile, 
and  Arnica,  giving  for  each  :  the  botanical  name  and  the  habitat  of  the  plant ; 
also  the  characteristics  of  the  involucre,  the  receptacle,  the  ray  florets,  the  disk 
florets,  and  the  pappus. 
6.  — Give  the  botanical  characters  of  the  order  of  Gentianacece.  Name  some 
plants  of  this  order  yielding  officinal  drugs.  What  are  the  medical  properties 
of  these  drugs  ? 
THEOKY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  PHARMACY. 
1.  — What  is  the  specific  gravity  of  the  liquids  having  the  following  weights, 
one  fluid  ounce  of  each  weighing  respectively  569"6  grains,  373*6  grains,  6151*9 
grains. 
2.  — State  the  sources  and  give  briefly  the  method  of  producing  illuminating 
gas  ;  describe  the  structure  of  an  ordinary  illuminating  gas  flame ;  state  what 
modifications  are  necessary  in  pharmaceutical  heating  apparatus,  to  convert  an 
illuminating  flame  into  a  smokeless  one  ;  illustrate  the  answers  by  such  draw- 
ings as  may  be  necessary. 
3.  — State  the  objects  of  comminution.  What  is  meant  by  pulverization  by 
intervention  ?   Illustrate  hj  three  examples. 
4.  — How  may  immiscible  liquids  be  separated  ?  Show  either  by  drawing  a 
sketch,  or  by  writing  a  description,  two  forms  of  apparatus  used  for  this  pur- 
•  pose. — How  may  volatile  liquids  be  separated  which  are  soluble  or  miscible  with 
each  other?  Name  and  describe  several  forms  of  apparatus  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. 
5.  — Describe  the  process  of  Repercolation  as  applied  to  fluid  extracts,  and  state 
its  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  general  use  by  pharmacists. 
6.  — How  is  Nitrate  of  Silver  made?  What  are  its  physical  properties  and  uses 
in  medicine  ?  In  what  forms  is  it  used  externally  ?  Give  the  officinal  titles  of 
the  three  forms  of  this  salt. 
CHEMISTRY. 
1.  — What  is  a  thermometer  ?  What  are  the  two  thermometer  scales  used  in 
the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  ?  Explain  the  diff'erence  between  them.  Convert  39° 
C.  into  F.  reading  ;  convert  12°  F.  into  C.  reading. 
2.  — In  what  ways  may  electricity  be  generated  ?  How  may  electricity  be  con- 
verted into  heat,  how  into  light,  how  into  magnetism  ?  Give  examples.  What 
difierences  exist  between  frictional  electricity  and  that  developed  by  chemical 
action  ? 
3.  — Write  the  formula  of  a  haloid  acid ;  of  an  oxygen  acid  ;  of  a  metallic 
hydrate.  Write  the  formula  of  a  monobasic  acid  ;  of  a  dibasic  acid.  Write 
the  formula  of  an  acid  salt ;  a  neutral  salt ;  a  basic  salt. 
4.  — Write  two  reactions  for  the  generation  of  hydrogen.  Mention  two  ex- 
periments illustrating  the  affinity  of  hydrogen  for  oxygen. 
