392  Pharmaceutical  Products  in  France.  {AmjJn°eu%^garm' 
process  patent  to  cover  the  preparation  of  a  substance  which  is  the 
eventual  "  raw  "  material  of  a  medicinal  derivative  ;  and  with  regard 
to  the  trade-mark,  it  is  well  recognized  that  a  simple  denomination 
authorized  for  pharmaceutical  products,  which  is  renewable  indefi- 
nitely, confers  on  its  possessor  an  equally  indefinite  proprietary 
right. 
By  reason  of  these  prerogatives  there  are  two  clearly  defined 
classes  of  medicinal  products  :  (i)  Those  not  protected  by  any  mark 
and  of  which  the  manufacture  has  either  never  been  covered  by 
patents,  or  is  now  protected  by  patents ;  (2)  those  put  on  the  market 
under  a  mark  and  of  which  the  manufacture  is  also  protected  by 
patents. 
1.  Practically  all  these  products  are  listed  in  the  official  Pharma- 
copoeia, and  a  large  proportion  of  them  was  made  in  France  before 
the  war.  Among  the  products  belonging  to  mineral  chemistry  we 
find  such  important  substances  as  potassium  permanganate,  corro- 
sive sublimate  and  the  bichromates  of  potassium  and  sodium.  The 
manufacture  of  saccharin  requires  large  quantities  of  permanganate, 
and  this  must  be  produced  in  sufficient  quantity  to  meet  all  future 
requirements.  Small  quantities  of  corrosive  sublimate  have  been 
made  in  France,  although  the  manufacture  depends,  apart  from  the 
supply  of  mercury,  on  the  available  quantities  of  chlorine.  No 
doubt  the  electrolytic  works,  now  free  from  war  restrictions,  will 
soon  be  equal  to  meeting  the  entire  home  consumption.  Bichro- 
mates constitute  a  very  necessary  raw  material  for  the  manufacture 
of  many  products,  and  a  trial  factory  has  been  established  in  France 
during  the  war.  This  requires  patent  development  in  order  to  free 
France  from  foreign  influence. 
The  following  organic  products — and  these  constitute  the  ma- 
jority— were  not  made  in  France  before  the  war.  or  were  made  in 
works  now  destroyed : — Chloral,  valerianic  acid  and  valerianates, 
monochloracetic  acid,  oxalic  acid  and  oxalates,  phosgene,  urea, 
morphine,  codeine  and  derivatives,  phenol,  guaiacol  and  salts,  ben- 
zoic acid  and  benzoates,  saccharin,  phthalic  acid  and  phenolphtha- 
lein.  With  the  exception  of  morphine  and  its  derivatives  and 
chloral  (which  were  not  manufactured  for  special  reasons),  all  the 
ether  products  named  have  been  manufactured  in  France  during 
the  war.  It  cannot  be  said,  however,  that  these  have  yet  been  pro- 
duced under  the  most  economic  conditions,  and  it  is  therefore  uncer- 
tain if  the  manufacture  can  be  maintained.    The  production  of 
