ANm-eXrrhia9ri^:  )     Pharmacy  in  the  Russian  Army.  75i 
Military  Medical  Person xel. 
The  medical  personnel  consisted  of:  (a)  Medical  officers; 
(&) pharmacists ;  and  (c)  subordinate  medical  personnel  (feldshers 
and  nadzirateli) .  All  surgeons  in  the  Russian  army  are  qualified 
medical  practitioners  before  entering  the  army.  They  are  classified 
in  six  grades,  which  correspond  with  the  civil  official  rank  as 
follows  : 
Medical  Corresponding  Corresponding 
Grade.  Official  Rank.          Military  Rank.  Civil  Title. 
ist  Fourth  Major-general  Privy  Councillor 
2nd  Fifth  Colonel  Actual  State  Councillor 
3rd  Fifth  Colonel  Actual  State  Councillor 
4th  Sixth  Colonel  State  Councillor 
/Seventh         Lieut.-Col.  Court  Councillor 
V 
1  Eighth  Captain  Collegiate  Councillor 
6th  Ninth  Lieutenant  Collegiate  Assessor 
The  civil  titles  conferred  certain  privileges  and  were  used  in  official 
correspondence.  All  candidates  for  appointment  as  vrach  had  to 
be  qualified  medical  men.,  but  as  there  were  three  grades  in  medical 
graduates  the  academic  standing  of  the  individual  determined  the 
grade  to  which  he  was  appointed.  Persons  who  had  obtained  the 
minor  degree  of  lekar  were  appointed  to  grade  6,  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  whereas  those  who  had  obtained  the  higher  degree  of 
M.D.  or  M.D.  and  S.  (Doctor  of  Medicine  and  Surgery)  were 
appointed  to  the  official  eighth  class,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
the  high-sounding  title  of  collegiate  councillor. 
Appointment  of  Pharmacists. 
Only  graduates  in  pharmacy  of  the  army  medical  academy  or 
of  a  Russian  university  were  appointed  to  commissions  in  the  army. 
A  farmatsevt  must  possess  the  lower  degree  of  "  Provisor  "  on  ap- 
pointment, but  in  order  to  get  promotion  he  must  take  his  degree 
as  Master  of  Pharmacy.  There  are  four  grades  of  pharmacist, 
as  follows  : 
Corresponding 
Pharmaceutical  Grade.  Military  Rank.  Civil  Title. 
1st,  Glavini  farmatsevt  Colonel  State  Councillor 
2nd,  Starshi  farmatsevt  Lieut-Colonel  Collegiate  Councillor 
3rd.  Mladshi  farmatsevt  Lieut,  or  Capt.  Collegiate  Assessor 
"4th,  Aptekarshii  pomoshohniki  Warrant  officer  Nil 
