PHARMACY IN SPAIN. 
The fees are as follows : 
Registration for first year - -55 Francs. 
Total for the five following years - 275 " 
Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy - 125 " 
— Licentiate - 750 " 
Total - 1205 " 
(Or rather more than £48 sterling.) 
The degree of Doctor of Pharmacy, 
rarely taken - - - 750 " 
1955 u 
(Or about £7S sterling.) 
The above abstract of the papers on medicine and phar- 
macy in Spain, by Orfila, has reference to the state of these 
sciences subsequently lo the reform of 1835. Prior to that 
period the medical institutions of the kingdom were sub- 
mitted to a board of medicine, appointed by the minister or 
by the crown, and subject to all the inconveniences attend- 
ing a close connection between science and power. The 
distinction between physicians and surgeons was rigidly ob- 
served, and government situations given to the most sub- 
servient. The physicians in Spain seemed inclined to be 
more liberal than their opponents the surgeons, and with 
few exceptionsjoined theconstitutional party of 1S20. Upon 
the overthrow of this party in 1823, King Ferdinand re- 
venged himself upon the liberal physicians by a decree 
converting surgeons into physicians, surgicai colleges into 
medico-chirurgical, and granting the title of medico-cirvja- 
nos to a great number of young surgeons and students. No 
physician was permitted to enjoy any medical post at court, 
or in any of the public establishments, hospitals, &c. This 
state of affairs lasted quietly until the death of this medical 
reformer, when a contest arose between the physicians and 
medical colleges or surgeons appointed by Ferdinand. At 
