Ann.  Jour.  Pharm.| 
July,  1876.  j 
The  International  Exposition. 
323 
of  the  United  States,  unless  the  former  were  exhibited,  for  instance,  in  connection 
with  the  fluid  extract,  or  the  latter  with  the  volatile  oil  or  oleo-resin  prepared  from  it 
in  this  country,  the  crude  being  then  valuable  only  as  the  source  of  the  manufactured 
article. 
The  display  of  drugs  indigenous  to  the  United  States,  is  not  as  extensive  as 
might  have  been  expected  5  still  there  are  some  very  creditable  collections,  and 
more  may  perhaps  be  found  in  the  Agricultural  building,  where  we  observed  a 
specimen  of  the  bark  of  Celastrus  scandens,  marked  Solanum  dulcamara,  the 
parties  having  been  undoubtedly  misled  by  the  name  of  bittersweet,  which  is  com- 
monly used  to  designate  both  drugs.  But  we  shall  speak  more  fully  of  our  indig- 
enous materia  medica  on  a  future  occasion,  and  now  proceed  to  the  crude  drugs  of 
foreign  countries  and  their  various  products. 
The  gem  of  the  exhibit  of  drugs,  in  our  opinion,  is  found  in  the  enclosure  of  the 
Dutch  colonies,  where  the  cultivation  of  the  cinchonas  is  shown  in  an  admirable 
manner.  The  introduction  of  the  cinchonas  into  Java,  and  subsequently  into  India 
and  other  countries,  is  now  a  matter  of  history  which  has  recorded  also  the  names 
of  those  who  were  active  in  introducing  the  plants  and  observing  the  most  favorable 
conditions  under  which  the  various  species  are  most  successfully  cultivated.  It  is 
well  known  that  the  first  attempt  on  a  large  scale  was  made  in  Java  in  1856  by 
Hasskarl,  while  Pahud  was  colonial  minister  in  the  Netherlands.  But  it  was 
chiefly  after  the  cultivation  was  commenced  in  British  India  in  i860,  and  the  results 
of  the  observations  made  in  the  two  countries  were  compared,  that  the  plantations 
assumed  not  only  large  dimensions,  but  that  also  the  yield  and  quality  of  the  bark 
gave  promise  of  undoubted  success. 
Examining  these  colonial  products,  we  notice  first  nine  photographs,  comprising 
views  of  different  cinchona  plantations  in  Java,  and  of  a  propagating  house,  where 
the  young  plants  are  nursed  until  they  are  fit  for  being  transplanted  to  the  plantation. 
Another  photograph  shows  a  number  of  workmen  engaged  in  stripping  the  bark, 
and  the  last  one  the  manner  in  which  it  is  dried  and  packed.  We  now  turn  our 
attention  to  the  botanical  specimens, of  which  there  are  eleven  distinct  varieties,  of  each 
a  flowering  branch  and  one  with  developed  capsules  being  fastened  upon  card  board, 
together  with  three  specimens  of  bark  taken  respectively  from  the  branchlets,  the 
larger  branches  and  the  trunk.  In  addition  thereto,  each  variety  is  accompanied  by 
a  card,  upon  which  is  fastened  a  transverse  and  a  longitudinal  section  of  the  stem, 
so  that  upon  the  two  cards  all  the  characteristics,  morphological  as  well  as  structural, 
can  be  readily  studied.  There  is  also  of  each  variety,  a  log  about  two  feet  in 
length,  covered  with  the  bark,  and  one  end  cut  so  as  to  show  a  longitudinal  and 
a  transverse  section  of  both  the  wood  and  bark.  Samples  of  bark  of  each  variety, 
several  being  in  bales,  complete  this  interesting  collection,  which  is  so  handsome 
and  complete  in  itself  as  to  challenge  the  admiration  of  all  interested  in  this 
industry. 
The  collection  embraces  eight  distinct  species  of  Cinchona,  one  or  two  of  which 
are  not  rich  in  alkaloids,  namely  :  C.  rnicrantha,  Ruiz  and  Pa<von,  C.  Hasskarliana, 
Miquel,  C.  lancifolia  var.  discolor  Karsten,  C.  officinalis  Lin.,  C.  caloptera  Miq.t 
C.  succirubra  Pauon,  C.  calisaya  Wed.  and  C.  Pahudiana  Hoivard.  Of  the  latter 
species,  there  is  also  the  variety  lanceolata  Miq.,  and  calisaya  is  represented  by  no 
