Am'AJu0gU.%876arm'}  Powdered  Drugs  under  the  Microscope. 
343 
POWDERED  DRUGS  UNDER  THE  MICROSCOPE. 
BY  MARK  W.  HARRINGTON,  M.A. 
Assistant  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
[Continued  from  page  300.) 
III.   NATURAL  POWDERS. 
By  this  title  is  meant  powders  which  have  not  been  made  by  crush- 
ing or  grinding.  There  are  two  pharmacopoeal  substances  of  this  sort 
in  common  use,  viz.,  lupulina  and  lycopodium. 
I.   LUPULINA  (Fig.  7). 
Lupulin  is  a  powder  consisting  of  glands  scraped  from  the  surface  of 
the  bracts  of  the  fertile  cone  of  the  hop.  The  powder  is  light  and 
volatile.  Its  color  is  golden  yellow,  becoming  more  orange  with  age. 
It  has  the  odor  of  hops  and  a  resinous  taste.  When  thrown  in  a  flame 
it  flashes.  It  is  not  wetted  by  water  ;  is  readily  so  by  alcohol  or  ether; 
with  sulphuric  acid  it  gives  off  a  strong  odor  of  hops. 
The  glands  consist  each  of  two  cup-shaped  membranes,  set  edge  to 
edge  and  enclosing  a  mass  of 
brown-yellow  resin.  In  the 
figure  given  three  of  these  cups 
have  been  separated  from  the 
corresponding  ones  belonging 
with  them.  One  of  these  is 
seen  from  the  side.  We  look 
down  on  the  two  others.  The 
fourth  has  the  two  hemispheres 
set  together,  but  the  hinder  one 
does  not  appear  plainly.  The 
lower  membrane  is  less  conical 
than  the  upper,  and  is  composed 
of  flattened  cells,  radially  ar- 
ranged. Sometimes  a  short 
•stalk  is  attached  to  it.  The  upper  membrane  is  more  delicate  and  less 
distinctly  cellular  than  the  lower.  When  fresh  it  is  hemispherical, 
but  as  volatile  portions  inside  the  gland  evaporate,  this  membrane  con- 
tracts until  it  finally  looks  like  a  stem  to  the  lower  portion,  the  whole 
presenting  the  appearance  of  an  umbrella,  or  rather  a  thick-stemmed 
toadstool.    This  change  in  shape  in  the  gland,  from  nearly  spherical  to 
Fig.  7.  Lupulina. 
