364  The  History  of  some  Drugs.  {AmZ°gu,r-l8P7h6?rm 
into  more  general  use;  it  occurs  in  the  list  of  Gorlitz  (east  of  Dresden) 
of  1629,  under  the  name  of  Benzoi  /lores. 
Arnotto,  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  Bixa  Orellana,  the  well  known  dye, 
occurs  in  tariffs  of  Wittenberg,  1646,  Budissin,  1660,  Leipzig,  1669, 
under  the  name  of  Orlian,  which  it  still  bears  in  German. 
Cascarilla  bark. — The  Bahamas  having  been  in  the  possession  of  the 
English  from  1629  to  1641,  the  authors  of  the  "  Pharmacographia"  sup- 
posed it  to  have  been  first  introduced  in  Europe  by  way  of  England,  but 
no  evidence  at  all  has  been  found  to  prove  the  correctness  of  this  sugges- 
tion. The  said  islands  were  occupied  in  1641  by  the  Spaniards,  and  to 
them  apparently  is  due  the  introduction  of  this  bark.  It  bears  a  certain 
resemblance  to  quills  of  cinchona  barks,  and  was,  therefore,  first 
noticed  by  the  name  of  China  nova,  or  cascarilla,  which  designations 
were,  no  doubt,  of  Spanish  origin.  It  is  said,  however  ("  Documente," 
p.  76),  that  it  had  first  been  mentioned  in  the  pamphlet — "  De  machinis 
fumiductoriis,"  Hamburg,  1686,  by  J.  A.  Stisser,  Professor  in  the 
University  of  Helmstedt,  near  Brunswick.  I  have  not  seen  this  pam- 
phlet, nor  that  of  V.  G.  Salat,  of  Valencia,  Spain — "  Unica  quaestiun- 
•cula,  in  qua  examinatur  pulvis  de  Buarango  vulgo  Cascarilla  in  curatione 
tertianae."  Valentiae,  1692.  Both  these  pamphlets  appear  to  be  ex- 
tremely rare,  the  first  being  not  even  quoted  in  Haller's  "  Bibl.  Botan- 
iica."  But  in  the  list  of  Minden,  1691  ("  Documente,"  p.  74,)  I  have 
found  China  nova,  together  with  China  de  China — /.  e.,  true  Cinchona. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  refers  to  cascarilla,  for  in  another  tariff 
of  1694  ("  Documente,"  p.  74),  published  at  Gotha,  Cortex  Chinee 
noevez  seu  Schacorillae  is  quoted  as  well  as  in  several  other  lists  abstracted 
in  the  "  Documente." 
Catechu  is  said  in  the  "  Pharmacographia"  to  have  been  unknown  in 
Europe  until  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  yet  in  the  tariff 
of  Wittenburg  of  1646,  Catechu  seu  t?rra  Japponica  is  met  with.  It 
again  occurs  in  several  other  tariffs  of  the  same  century,  and  is  always 
quoted  at  very  high  prices.'  In  1666,  at  Magdeburg,  catechu  was  much 
more  costly  than  benzoin,  balsam  of  Peru,  camphor,  opium,  mastix, 
etc.  ("  Documente,"  p.  64).  Even  in  1780  the  wholesale  price  in 
London  was  .£20  per  cwt.  ;  to-day  the  commodity  fetches  about  i%s. 
The  earliest  mention  of  Cinchona  bark — China  China — is  found  in 
the  tariffs  of  Leipzig  and  Frankfurt  of  the  year  1669.  In  England  it 
had  begun  to  be  known  about  1655. 
