Am^m|  Alizarin.  427 
is  unserviceable  in  judging  of  the  value  and  extent  of  the'total  production,  so  that 
we  must  confine  ourselves  to  referring  to  this  deficiency. 
The  manufacture  of  alcohol  preparations,  more  particularly  of  ether,  acetic  ether 
and  absolute  alcohol,  is  confined  to  a  few  of  the  larger  manufactories,  since  the 
•difficulties  of  transportation  of  these  liquids,  and  furthermore  the  burdens  of  duty, 
irender  an  extended  export  impossible.  From  its  great  production  of  alcohol,  hardly 
any  other  country  can  compare  with  Germany  in  the  production  of  these  articles. 
Indirectly  connected  with  these  preparations  are  fruit-ethers,  chloroform,  chloral- 
hydrate,  tannin,  pyrogallic  acid,  iodoform,  etc.,  with  which  products  Germany 
supplies  Russia,  France,  England  and  the  United  States. 
The  consumption  of  chloral-hydrate,  which  promised  to  become  an  article  pro- 
duced on  a  large  s^ale,  does  not  appear  to  increase.  The  export  of  the  substance 
as,  however,  considerable. 
Potassium  iodide  and  bromide,  although  their  manufacture  in  foreign  countries  is 
not  inconsiderable,  may  be  mentioned  as  export  articles. 
A  specifically  German  industry  is  the  production  for  science  of  important  and 
iinteresting  chemical  preparations,  particularly  in  the  domain  of  organic  chemistry. 
The  Exhibition  gives  an  agreeable  picture  of  the  progress  in  this  field.  Even 
although  the  pecuniary  results,  owing  to  the  small  demand,  can  be  but  small,  yet 
they  are  well  calculated  to  obtain  in  foreign  lands  a  good  name  for  German 
.knowledge  and  wealth.  The  bond  of  sympathy  which  unites  these  establishments 
with  science  and  its  followers  bears  the  latest  chemical  acquisitions  to  the  remotest 
regions,  and  gives  the  proper  guidance  to  their  technical  utilization. 
Salicylic  acid  and  its  derivatives,  and  'vanillin  are  striking  examples  of  the  above. 
The  first,  an  ordinary  organic  acid  extracted  from  the  gaultheria  oil  (winter  green), 
attracted  no  attention  so  long  as  its  price  corresponded  to  the  expensiveness  of  the 
raw  material.  Since  a  convenient  method  of  preparation  from  Phenol  has  been 
invented,  however,  it  has  become  the  object  of  a  lively  manufacture,  and  its  applica- 
tions increase  with  the  ease  of  its  production. 
Artificial  vanillin  which  hardly  a  year  ago  first  became  known  in  chemical 
circles,  is  now  in  great  demand  as  a  substitute  for  the  natural  vanilla.  While  until 
then,  we  obtained  the  vanilla  aroma  from  tropical  countries,  we  are  now  able  to 
produce  it  in  any  quantity  from  the  pine  forests. 
In  the  manufacture  of  essential  oils,  also,  the  endeavor  is  made  to  emancipate 
ourselves  more  and  more  from  the  silent  operations  of  the  plant,  and  to  utilize 
materials  more  conveniently  to  be  obtained.  As  examples,  may  be  mentioned  the 
gaultheria-oil,  the  bitter-almond-oil,  the  mustard-oil  and  the  latest  of  all,  the  oil  of 
the  Spiraea  Ulmaria,  the  Salicylic  Aldehyd.  Owing  to  the  cost  of  the  materials 
for  research,  it  is  but  natural  that  advance  in  this  path  is  somewhat  restrained,  but 
it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that  eventually  a  large  part  of  the  essential  oils  will  be  pro- 
duced by  Synthesis. 
ALIZARIN. 
BY  CARL  RUMPFF. 
After  all  the  lighter  oils  used  for  manufacturing  anilin  colors  are  separated  from 
coal-tar  by  distillation,  by  successive  heating  up  to  about  i7o°C,  the  temperature  of 
I 
