Ann.  Jour.  Pharm. 
Oct.,  1876. 
}    The  Chemical  Industry  of  Germany. 
469 
The  production  of  arsenic-free  fuchsin  (rubin)  by  the  so-called  nitrobenzol  pro- 
cess may  be  considered  as  established.  Aside  from  the  undoubted  results  which 
two  German  manufactories  have  obtained  by  the  new  method,  the  former  objection, 
that  it  could  not  compete  with  the  old  in  cheapness,  vanishes. 
The  manufacture  of  methyl-njiolet  by  oxidation  of  dimethyl-anilin,  by  means  of 
copper  salts,  has  found  general  introduction,  and  has  almost  entirely  superseded 
the  Hofmann  violet  made  with  iodine,  so  that  the  iodine  violet  is  only  employed 
for  a  few  special  purposes.  In  the  same  manner  the  iodine -green  has  been  replaced 
by  the  methyl-green  produced  from  methyl-violet.  The  necessity  of  using  large 
amounts  of  iodine,  the  laborious  regaining  and  the  fluctuating  price  of  this  expen- 
sive body,  as  well^as  the  more  beautiful  shades  and  the  cheaper  prices  of  the  violet 
and  green  colors  produced  without  iodine,  have  caused  the  rapid  abandonment  of 
the  old  methods  of  manufacture. 
The  use  of  the  various  anilin-blues  in  the  dying  industry  increases  from  day  to 
day,  and  with  it  the  number  of  sorts  occurring  in  commerce. 
The  finer  blues  prepared  from  diphenyl-amin  have  as  yet,  it  is  true,  only  found  a 
limited  application  in  dyeing,  but  on  account  of  their  great  purity  will  doubtless  soon 
attain  a  better  introduction. 
In  spite  of  its  impurity,  safranin  is  still  used  for  certain  purposes,  especially  for 
dyeing  silk  and  cotton. 
Corallin  still  finds  extended  application  in  silk-dyeing  and  for  the  preparation  of 
paper  and  carpet-lacs. 
Among  other  tar-colors  manufactured  in  Germany,  are  Martius -yellow,  phosphin, 
picric  acid,  bismarck-brotun  and  nigrosin  to  be  mentioned.  These  colors  occur  in 
commerce  under  the  most  various  names. 
One  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  the  field  of  coal-tar  colors  is  the  eosin,  which  at 
present  is  manufactured  in  many  German  works.  It  promises  to  become  a  not  un- 
important competitor  of  cochineal  and  safflower. 
Perhaps,  hardly  any  field  of  chemical  industry  has  been  more  severly  affected 
from  the  state  of  the  times  than  the  production  of  artificial  alizarin,  whose  manu- 
facture, although  so  recent,  yet  on  its  first  introduction  in  Germany  increased  so 
rapidly.  In  its  struggle  for  existence  against  the  natural  color,  the  madder,  although 
it  has  not  been  entirely  conquered,  still  in  the  last  two  years  has  suffered  severe 
blows.  The  considerably  larger  yield,  which,  of  late,  it  has  been  found,  may  be 
obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  alizarin,  will  doubtless  remove  these  difficulties. 
In  the  working-up  of  vegetable  colors  into  fine  color-extracts  and  lacs,  Germany 
does  not  stand  behind  England  and  France.  Indigo,  cochineal,  safflower  carmin, 
orseille  preparations  and  color  extracts,  en  pate,  as  well  as  the  colored  lacs  for  the 
colored  paper  and  carpet  industries,  are  produced  in  numerous  German  establish- 
ments on  the  largest  scale,  but  they  are  very  incompletely  represented  at  the 
Exhibition. 
III.    Extracts,  Essences,  Perfumes,  Pomades,  Medicinal  Mixtures,  etc. 
Essential  oils  are  manufactured  in  Germany  on  an  extended  scale,  Leipsic  being 
in  a  certain  measure  the  chief  manufacturing  city. 
