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VARIETIES. 
last  year,  but  Americans  can  easily  get  places.  Charges,  46  florins 
($18.40)  for  laboratory,  and  20  florins  ($8)  for  lectures. 
"  For  making  chemical  preparations,  and  the  general  study  of  organic 
chemistry,  Prof.  Wohler,  of  Gottingen,  is,  perhaps,  the  best.  More  Ame- 
ricans study  with  him  than  at  any  other  laboratory  in  Europe,  and  I  have 
heard  him  praised  by  all;  but  his  laboratory  is  not  so  well  arranged  as 
some  others.    It  is  no  place  to  study  inorganic  chemical  analysis. 
"  For  beginners,  and  those  at  work  on  qualitative  analysis,  the  laboratory 
of  Prof.  Fresenius,  at  Wiesbaden,  is  very  good,  although  for  advanced 
students  it  is  inferior  to  either  of  the  two  mentioned  before  it — Bunsen's  and 
Wohler's.  I  have  known  some  who  have  studied  there,  and  they  were 
pleased.  I  visited  it  but  a  few  days  ago.  The  arrangements  are  very  good  ; 
charges  were  about  the  same  as  those  of  Heidelburg,  I  think,  but'  cannot 
speak  positively. 
"  The  laboratory  of  Prof.  Erdman,  in  Leipsic,  is  a  very  good  one,  and  I 
know  several  Americans  who  have  studied  there.  They  were  pleased,  on 
the  whole,  but  still  hardly  recommended  the  place  ;  charges  less  than  those 
mentioned ;  many  lectures  are  free. 
"  These  are  the  principal  German  laboratories,  and  for  most  purposes  I 
would  decidedly  recommend  those  of  Bunsen  and  Wohler  as  standing  at 
the  head,  giving  Bunsen  the  preference,  as  I  think  him  the  most  philo- 
sophical chemist  of  the  day. 
«  As  near  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  laboratories  of  Paris  are  not  as  good 
for  work  as  those  of  Germany,  but  one  may  hear  good  lectures  in  the 
winter.  I  forgot  to  say  that  Bunsen' s  lectures  are  on  General  Inorganic 
Chemistry,  there  being  two  similar  courses  each  year.  Liebig's  lectures 
are  on  Inorganic  in  winter  and  Organic  Chemistry  in  summer.  At  all 
these  Universities  there  are  various  courses  on  technical,  applied,  and 
special  chemistry,  by  various  professors,  which  are  accessible. 
«  There  are  some  five  or  six  Professors  of  Chemistry  in  the  Heidelburg 
University,  and  four  working  laboratories. 
"In  German  Universities  there  are  two  terms  per  year  called  (semestres) 
— one  commencing  about  the  middle  of  October,  and  lasting  until  about 
March  15  ;  the  next  commencing  about  May  15,  and  ending  August  15. 
Chemical,  as  well  as  other  students,  must  be  matriculated  in  the  Univer- 
sity, which  costs  various  prices  at  various  Universities,  Here  it  is  about 
$4  40  (11  florins).  Living  expenses  are  rather  less  than  in  cities  of 
corresponding  size  in  America ;  and  are,  of  course  modified  by  the  wants 
and  funds  of  the  individual.  A  student  can  live  for  $400  per  year, 
expenses  all  in ;  can  live  easily,  if  economical,  and  buy  some  books,  for 
$500 ;  while  many  spend  twice  that.  The  matter  of  books  and  apparatus 
is  an  important  item,  and  both  are  cheaper  than  in  America.  Both  must 
be  furnished  by  the  student  himself,  the  laboratories  furnish  nothing  but 
the  commonest  articles. 
"  It  is  well  to  learn  something  of  the  language  before  coming  here ;  but 
