OF  PINOLINE  AND  OLEONE.  2] 9 
der  it  necessary  that  the  pinoline  should  be  carefully  protected  from 
the  atmosphere,  and  always  sold  freshly  prepared.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  the  same  as  that  of  camphine  and  oil  of  turpentine ;  it 
increases  during  resinification. 
Oleone. — In  large  towns  a  considerable  quantity  of  waste  soap- 
water  is  always  to  be  had,  without  taking  into  account  the  lyes  ob- 
tained in  the  washing  of  wool,  which  are  greatly  impregnated  with 
fat  and  oil.  In  towns  where  there  is  a  manufacture  of  gas  from  re- 
sin, or  where  large  establishments  possess  their  own  gas  apparatus, 
the  fat  and  oil  of  these  waste  fluids  may  always  be  made  use  of.  But 
if  a  town  be  supplied  with  coal-gas,  the  employment  of  this  waste 
fat  for  the  production  of  gas  is  of  no  importance,  and  it  is  only  used 
in  the  preparation  of  a  very  poor  soap,  which  is  by  no  means  favor- 
ably distinguished  by  its  unpleasant  odor.  In  the  year  1856,  the 
author  was  commissioned  to  undertake  an  investigation  of  this  fatty 
mass,  and  to  find  an  advantageous  use  for  it.  He  started  from  the 
point  that  it  must  be  capable  of  conversion  by  dry  distillation,  into 
an  excellent  ethereal  illuminating  material,  and  at  the  same  time 
took  into  consideration  the  behaviour  of  the  lime-salts  of  the  organic 
acids  under  similar  circumstances,  when  acetone-bodies  of  the 
respective  acids  are  produced. 
To  obtain  the  fatty  acids,  the  soapy  fluids  are  mixed  with  a  few 
hundredths  of  solution  of  chloride  of  calcium,  by  which  all  the 
fatty  acids  are  separated,  in  combination  with  lime,  in  the  form  of  a 
caseous  precipitate  (lime-soap).  The  precipitate  is  separated  from 
the  fluid  by  straining,  through  a  cloth,  and  freed  from  the  greater 
part  of  the  mechanically  adherent  water  by  a  slight  pressure.  It  is 
then  mixed  with  10  per  cent,  of  unslacked,  coarsely  granular  lime, 
and  submitted  to  dry  distillation,  either  in  an  iron  retort,  or  in  a 
cast-iron  pot  with  a  flat  cover.  At  the  commencement  of  the  dis- 
tillation, a  quantity  of  aqueous  vapors  is  produced,  but  these  soon 
cease,  and  give  place  to  vapors  with  an  empyreumatic  odor.  As 
soon  as  gases  burning  with  a  clear  flame  made  their  appearance,  the 
true  decomposition  commences.  By  a  good  refrigeration,  the  es- 
cape of  the  volatile  oil  is  to  be  avoided. 
When  the  gas  burns  only  with  a  pale  blue  flame,  and  consists  for 
the  most  part  of  carbonic  oxide,  the  operation  is  completed  ;  the 
receiver  then  contains  an  aqueous  fluid  upon  which  a  considerable 
